Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors/Superordo: Protacanthopterygii
Ordo: Salmoniformes
Familia: Salmonidae
Subfamilia: Coregoninae
Genus: Coregonus
Species: Coregonus vandesius
Name
Coregonus vandesius Richardson, 1836
Primary references
Richardson, J., 1836. The Fish. In: Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under the command of Sir John Franklin, R.N.J.Bentley, London. Part 3: i-xv + 1-327, Pls. 74-97. [Reference was incorrectly given as 1837; correct date is 1836] p. 507.
Coregonus vandesius in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
IUCN: Coregonus vandesius (Endangered)
Vernacular names
English: Vendace
中文: 文第斯白鮭
Coregonus vandesius, the vendace /ˈvɛndeɪs/, is a freshwater whitefish found in the United Kingdom. Population surveys since the 1960s have revealed a steady decline and the fish is no longer present in some of its previous haunts but is still present in Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water. The main threats it faces are eutrophication and the introduction of alien species of fish which eat its eggs and fry. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "endangered".
Taxonomy
Most authorities now consider Coregonus vandesius to be a subjective synonym of Coregonus albula, which is a more widespread North European freshwater whitefish species.[2] Both taxa are also known by the common name vendace. The status however remains controversial, and FishBase still lists C. vandesius as a separate species,[3] reflecting the recent treatment of the European freshwater fish fauna by Kottelat & Freyhof (2007).[4] Another synonym of British C. vandesius is C. gracilior.[3]
The name "vendace" (Scots vengis, vangis, venace) is borrowed from Neo-Latin vandesius (which referred to the common dace Leuciscus leuciscus), from Middle French vandoise, vendese, vendoise, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Old Irish find, "white."[5][6][7]
Biology
Coregonus vandesius inhabits deep, cold lakes, and uses planktonic crustaceans, such as copepods, as its primary food source. The fish does not migrate and has a life span of about six years. The species is now Britain's rarest fish.[2]
Distribution and habitat
The vendace has only ever been known as a native species at four sites in Britain: Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water in the English Lake District, and the Castle Loch and Mill Loch in Lochmaben, Scotland.[8] The species was thought to have died out at all of these sites except Derwent Water. The Castle Loch population disappeared in the early part of the 20th century, and the Mill Loch population disappeared in the 1990s. The fish had not been recorded at Bassenthwaite Lake since 2001, but was recently rediscovered in 2014.[9] The decline is thought to be caused by predation by introduced species, and by pollution.[8] For example, a water treatment works near the lake had been overflowing with raw sewage at times of high water levels, causing severe algae blooms that were depleting the lake's oxygen supply, but the plant was to be renovated in 2004 in order to prevent this.[10]
Status
This fish has a restricted range, with a total area of occupancy of less than 500 km2 (190 sq mi). The current population trend is unknown and the main threats are thought to be eutrophication and the introduction of alien species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being "endangered".[1]
Coregonus vandesius was introduced to Loch Skeen in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, in the 1990s as an attempt at ex-situ conservation after the severity of habitat deterioration at Bassenthwaite was noticed. This has proved largely successful and Loch Skeen now has nearly ten times the number of vendace per hectare as Derwent Water according to a survey carried out by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. [8] A population was also introduced into Sprinkling Tarn, a mountain tarn 10 miles from Derwentwater, in 2011, with the aim of creating a refuge for the species in cooler water.[11]
References
Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus vandesius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135640A4168717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135640A4168717.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Winfield, Ian J.; Fletcher, Janis M.; James, J. Ben (2004), "Conservation ecology of the vendace in Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water, U.K." (PDF), Annales Zoologici Fennici, 41: 155–164, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2008, retrieved 28 February 2008
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Coregonus vandesius" in FishBase. January 2010 version.
Kottelat, M. & Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Cornol & Berlin: Kottelat & Freyhof.
"Definition of VENDACE". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
"Zeitschrift Für Anglistik und Amerikanistik". 1968.
Weekley, Ernest (18 July 2012). An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486122861 – via Google Books.
"Ice Age fish thrives in new home", BBC NEWS, 27 February 2008, archived from the original on 2 March 2008, retrieved 2 January 2010
Extinct fish found in the Lake District after millions spend on cleanup work Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.independent.co.uk, accessed 9 October 2014
"Algae threatens rare fish", BBC NEWS, 27 November 2002, archived from the original on 26 June 2008, retrieved 2 January 2010
"Llamas move fish to cooler waters in Lake District". BBC News. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
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