Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors/Superordo: Protacanthopterygii
Ordo: Salmoniformes
Familia: Salmonidae
Subfamilia: Coregoninae
Genus: Coregonus
Species: Coregonus lavaretus
Name
Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Salmo lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 310. Open access Reference page.
Coregonus lavaretus – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
IUCN: Coregonus lavaretus (Vulnerable)
Coregonus lavaretus in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Vernacular names
eesti: Merisiig
فارسی: آزادماهی چشمهای
suomi: Siika
français: Corégone lavaret
hrvatski: Velika ozimica
magyar: Nagy maréna
Ido: Lavareto
日本語: ホワイトフィッシュ
кыргызча: Деңиз майканаты
lietuvių: Sykas
Nederlands: Grote marene
norsk nynorsk: Sik
norsk: Sik
polski: Sieja pospolita
русский: Обыкновенный сиг
саха тыла: Майаҕас (балык)
davvisámegiella: Čuovža
svenska: sik
українська: Сиг європейський
Tiếng Việt: Cá trắng châu Âu
Coregonus lavaretus is a species of freshwater whitefish, in the family Salmonidae. It is the type species of its genus Coregonus.[2]
There are widely different concepts about the delimitation of the species Coregonus lavaretus and about the number of species in the genus Coregonus in general.
Lavaret
In a narrow sense, Coregonus lavaretus, or the lavaret, is considered to be endemic to Lake Bourget and Lake d’Aiguebelette in the Rhône river basin in France, whereas it formerly also occurred in Lake Geneva.[1] According to this view there is a great number of distinct whitefish species in lakes, rivers and brackish waters of Central and Northern Europe.[2]
European whitefish (common whitefish)
European whitefish under a spruce tree in the coat of arms of Honkilahti
In the broad sense, Coregonus lavaretus, referred to as the common whitefish or European whitefish, is widespread from central and northwest Europe to Siberia.[3] Often called the C. lavaretus complex and considered as a superspecies, it encompasses many of the whitefish populations suggested by others to be locally restricted species (such as the British powan and the gwyniad or the Alpine gravenche, as well as distinct intralacustrine morphs and populations characterized by different feeding habits, gill raker numbers, growth patterns and migration behaviour. Genetic studies suggest that the whitefish diversity within this complex is mostly of post-glacial origin.[4] The resource polymorphism represented by the feeding morphs has evolved repeatedly and independently within individual lakes, and similar morphs in different lakes are not closely related to each other.[4]
Description
There is much variation among the European whitefish forms, but in general they have a tapered body, a slightly protruding upper jaw and a fleshy dorsal fin that is typical of the salmon family. The snout is short and tapered, a fact that distinguishes this species from the two other North European Coregonus species, vendace (Coregonus albula) and the introduced peled (Coregonus peled). The former has a protuberant lower jaw while in the latter, the jaws are equal in length. The back is bluish green or brownish, the flanks silvery and the belly white. The fins are dark grey. This fish seldom grows more than 55 cm (22 in) long or exceeds 2 kg (4.4 lb) in weight.[5]
Biology
The European whitefish mostly feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates or zooplankton. Larger fish also take insects off the surface of the water and eat fish fry. Breeding takes place in the autumn between September and November, largely depending on the water temperature. Different populations in the same sections of water may spawn at different times. Many populations in seas and lakes tend to make their way up-river to spawn, but others populations remain in lakes or the sea even when breeding.[5]
Houting
The houting (Coregonus oxyrhinchus) is a European species of whitefish in the family Salmonidae that was long thought extinct. It was native to the estuaries and rivers draining to the North Sea. The houting is distinguishable from other Coregonus taxa by having a long, pointed snout, an inferior mouth and a different number of gill rakers.[6][7] The houting once occurred in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and England. In 2023, DNA analysis found the houting to be genetically indistinguishable from Coregonus lavaretus, and therefore not extinct.[8][9]
Controversial status
Houting head
There is controversy whether whitefish surviving in the southeastern North Sea sector of Denmark (Wadden Sea) and considered there as houting (Danish: snæbel) represent the same species as the houting that was extirpated from the more southwestern parts of the North Sea.[10][11] Like the more southwestern population, the Danish North Sea population has a long, pointed snout and an inferior mouth, and it is anadromous, spending most of its adult life in coastal waters, but migrating into rivers to breed (some other European Coregonus occur in brackish water, but the ability to live long-term in full salt water is unique to the houting).[10][12]
The Danish houting is genetically part of the widespread Coregonus lavaretus complex (including Coregonus maraena of the Baltic Sea basin; some prefer to include the Danish houting in this species), while its genetic relationship to the extinct population cannot be confirmed due to a lack of sufficient samples of the latter.[10][13] Nevertheless, there are some minor differences in the genetics of the Danish houting compared to other living members in the C. lavaretus complex, as well as the differences in morphology and ecology, making it an evolutionarily significant unit.[10][13][14] Hybridization and introgression between North Sea houting and its relatives is well-documented, and likely the result of translocations of Coregonus between different regions by humans.[14] Some researchers argue that the morphological differences between different houting populations are not exceptional within the broader variation of the European whitefish, and probably no species-level extinction has taken place.[10][15] The primary reason for treating the Danish houting and the extinct houting as separate are differences in the number of gill rakers (on average, the Danish has fewer than the extinct), but this number can vary extensively in Coregonus, even within a single population and species,[12][16] and genetic studies of Coregonus have shown that gill rakers are of limited use in predicting relationship among populations.[17][18] Some think that the morphological differences in number of gill rakers are sufficient for treating them as separate, and that the last true houting was caught in the lower Rhine in 1940.[6] Studies in the early 2000s (decade) indicated that there was no overlap in the possible number of gill rakers of the two (28–35 in the Danish; 38–46 in the extinct),[6][7] but later reviews have shown that there is an overlap (up to 41 has been found in the Elbe, a reintroduced population based on Danish houting).[19]
A €13 million restoration project of the Danish houting, partly funded by the European Union's LIFE programme and the Danish Natural Agency, was undertaken in 2005–2013,[20][21] and there is ongoing monitoring of the species and regulation of the fish-eating great cormorant from important locations.[22] As of 2019, a total of more than €20 million has been used on its conservation, with almost two-thirds funded by Denmark and the remaining by the European Union.[23] However, the only remaining fully natural and significant population of Danish houting is in the Vidå River, estimated in 2014 to consist of about 3,500 adults. Little is known about its exact spawning and juvenile requirements, and despite the earlier project it was still declining, leading to fears that it could become fully extinct unless more is done to preserve it.[22] After years with a downward trend in its numbers, an increase to about 4,000 adult Danish houtings was registered in 2018–19, with most individuals in the Vidå and fewer in Ribe River [da] (both populations increasing).[23]
Individuals from the Danish population have been used as a basis for re-establishing houting in the Eider, Elbe (both indisputably a natural part of the range) and Rhine (arguably non-native, if the extinct is recognized as a separate species).[19][24][25] On the 24th of October 2023 researchers of the Research Institute for Nature and Forest in Belgium captured a live specimen in the Scheldt river in Kruibeke, while the species was thought to be extinct in the country for over 100 years. Possibly the specimen migrated there from the Rhine population.[26] In Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), a species listed as Coregonus oxyrhynchus [sic] is protected for 'anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea'[27]
In 2023, DNA analysis found the houting to be genetically indistinguishable from Coregonus lavaretus, and therefore not extinct.[28][9]
References
Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus lavaretus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T5369A174778292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T5369A174778292.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Coregonus lavaretus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2004.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Coregonus lavaretus" in FishBase. June 2010 version.
Østbye, K.; Bernatchez, L.; Naesje, T. F.; Himberg, K.-J. M.; Hindar, K. (2005). "Evolutionary history of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex as inferred from mtDNA phylogeography and gill-raker numbers". Molecular Ecology. 14 (14): 4371–4387. Bibcode:2005MolEc..14.4371O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02737.x. PMID 16313599. S2CID 21487510.
"Whitefish: Coregonus lavaretus (L.)". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-18. (This description refers to the broad concept of European whitefish, from a Fennoscandian perspective)
Freyhof, J. and C. Schöter. 2005. The houting Coregonus oxyrinchus (L.)(Salmoniformes: Coregonidae), a globally extinct species from the North Sea basin. Journal of Fish Biology 67:3, 713–729.
Schöter C., 2002. Revision der Schnäpel und Großen Maränen des Nordseeund südwestlichen Ostseeraumes (Teleostei: Coregonidae). Diplomarbeit, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn.
Kroes, R.; Winkel, Y.; Breeuwer, J. A. J.; van Loon, E. E.; Loader, S. P.; Maclaine, J. S.; Verdonschot, P. F. M.; van der Geest, H. G. (2023). "Phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens of houting Coregonus oxyrinchus shows the need for a revision of its extinct status". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 23 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7. ISSN 2730-7182. PMC 10523663. PMID 37752477.
Amsterdam, University of. "Officially extinct fish is alive and well, according to DNA analyses". phys.org. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
Hansen M.M., Fraser D.J., Als T.D. & Mensberg K.L.D.(2008). Reproductive isolation, evolutionary distinctiveness and setting conservation priorities: The case of a European lake whitefish and the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus spp.). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:137 doi:10.1186/14716-2.
Maas, P.H.J. (2010). Houting – Coregonus oxyrinchus Archived 2010-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. In: TSEW (2014). The Sixth Extinction Website. Downloaded on 29 June 2014.
Møller, P.R.; and H. Carl, editors (2012). Atlas over danske ferskvandsfisk [Atlas of Danish Freshwater Fish]. Natural History Museum of Denmark ISBN 9788787519748.
Jacobsen M.W.; Hansen M.M.; Orlando L.; Bekkevold D.; Bernatchez L.; Willerslev E.; and Gilbert M.T. (2012). Mitogenome sequencing reveals shallow evolutionary histories and recent divergence time between morphologically and ecologically distinct European whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Mol Ecol. 21(11): 2727-2742. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05561.x
Dierking, J.; L. Phelps; K. Præbel; G. Ramm; E. Prigge; J. Borcherding; M. Brunke; and C. Eizaguirre (2014). Anthropogenic hybridization between endangered migratory and commercially harvested stationary whitefish taxa (Coregonus spp.). Evol Appl. 7(9): 1068-1083. doi:10.1111/eva.12166
Vinter, H.V. (2017). Taxonomische status van houting in Nederlandse wateren. [Taxonomic status of houting in waters of the Netherlands]. Wageningen University & Research Rapport C115/17.
Christensen, G.H. (2010). Danmarks ferskvandsfisk [Denmark's Freshwater Fish]. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-87-02-07893-0
Østbye K.; Bernatchez L.; Naesje T.F.; Himberg K.J.; and Hindar K. (2005). Evolutionary history of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex as inferred from mtDNA phylogeography and gill-raker numbers. Mol Ecol. 14(14):4371-4387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02737.x
Ozerov, M.Y.; M. Himberg; T. Aykanat; D.S. Sendek; H. Hägerstrand; A. Verliin; T. Krause; J. Olsson; C.R. Primmer; and A. Vasemägi (2015). Generation of a neutral FST baseline for testing local adaptation on gill-raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28(5): 1170–1183. doi:10.1111/jeb.12645
Ramm, G.; and J. Dierking (2014). North Sea and Baltic houting - Gill raker morphometric differentiation between populations of the endangered fishes North Sea and Baltic houting. Geomar, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.
The houting project – The second largest nature restoration project in Denmark naturstyrelsen.dk (the Danish Nature Agency)
Snæbelprojekt – Naturgenopretningsprojekt for en af EU's mest truede fiskearter Archived 2014-05-03 at the Wayback Machine naturstyrelsen.dk (the Danish Nature Agency)
Svendsen, J.C.; A.K.O. Alstrup; and L.F. Jensen (11 April 2018). Save a North Sea fish from becoming museum piece. Nature. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Mandrup, L., and N.M. Jørgensen (26 April 2019). Efter redningsaktioner for 150 mio. kr.: Danmarks mest sjældne fisk er i lille fremgang. [After rescue projects for 150 million DKK: The population of Denmark's rarest fish is slowly increasing]. DR News. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
Borcherding, J.; M. Heynen; T. Jäger-Kleinicke; H. V. Winter; and R. Eckmann (2010). Re-establishment of the North Sea houting in the River Rhine. Fisheries Management and Ecology 17(3): 291–293. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00710.x
Borcherding, J.; A. W. Breukelaar; H. V. Winter; and U. König (2014). Spawning migration and larval drift of anadromous North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus) in the River IJssel, the Netherlands. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 23(2): 161–170. doi:10.1111/eff.12058
"Al honderd jaar uitgestorven bij ons, maar nu terug in de Schelde: De houting". 25 October 2023.
"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
Kroes, R.; Winkel, Y.; Breeuwer, J. A. J.; van Loon, E. E.; Loader, S. P.; Maclaine, J. S.; Verdonschot, P. F. M.; van der Geest, H. G. (2023). "Phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens of houting Coregonus oxyrinchus shows the need for a revision of its extinct status". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 23 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7. ISSN 2730-7182. PMC 10523663. PMID 37752477.
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