Cetomimidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Osteichthyes
Classis: Actinopterygii
Subclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Ordo: Cetomimiformes
Familia: Cetomimidae
Genera: Ataxolepis - Cetichthys - Cetomimoides - Cetomimus - Cetostoma - Danacetichthys - Ditropichthys - Eutaeniophorus - Gyrinomimus - Megalomycter - Mirapinna - Notocetichthys - Parataeniophorus - Procetichthys - Rhamphocetichthys

Name

Cetomimidae Goode & Bean, 1895

Synonyms

* Megalomycteridae Myers & Freihofer, 1966
* Mirapinnidae

References

* Goode, G. B. & Bean, T. H. (1895) On Cetomimidae and Rondeletiidae, two new families of bathybial fishes from the northwestern Atlantic. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17: 451–454.
* Myers, G. S. & Freihofer, W. C. (1966) Megalomycteridae, a previously unrecognized family of deep-sea cetomimiform fishes based on two new genera from the North Atlantic. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 8: 193–206
* Johnson, G. D., J. R. Paxton, T. T. Sutton, T. P. Satoh, T. Sado, M. Nishida & M. Miya (2009) Deep-sea mystery solved: astonishing larval transformations and extreme sexual dimorphism unite three fish families. Biology Letters 5: 235–239. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0722

Links

* Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fricke, R. (eds.) Catalog of Fishes electronic version (19 February 2010).

Vernacular Name
English: flabby whalefishes
Polski: wielorybinkowate

Flabby whalefishes are small, deep-sea cetomimiform fish of the family Cetomimidae. They are among the most deep-living fish known, with some species recorded at depths in excess of 3.5 kilometres. Within the family are nine genera and 20 species. Juveniles are known as tapetails and were formerly thought to be in a separate family, dubbed Mirapinnidae. Adults exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, and the adult males were once thought to be exemplars of still another family, Megalomycteridae.[1]

Thought to have a circumglobal distribution throughout the Southern Hemisphere, flabby whalefish are the most diverse family of whalefishes. The largest species, Gyrinomimus grahami, reaches a length of some 40 centimetres. They are distinguished from other whalefishes by their loose, scaleless skin and lack of photophores.

Description

Living at extreme, lightless depths, adult female flabby whalefish have evolved an exceptionally well-developed lateral line system: as the eyes are either very small or vestigial, this system of sensory pores (running the length of the body) help the whalefish to accurately perceive its surroundings by detecting vibrations. Named after their whale-like bodies (from the Greek ketos meaning "whale" or "sea monster" and mimos meaning "imitative"), whalefish have large mouths with the dorsal and anal fins set far back of the head. All fins lack spines, and the pelvic fins are absent. The fish also lack swim bladders.

Flabby whalefish are a red to orange-brown colour in life; the fins and jaws are brightly coloured. This is explained by the fact that longer electromagnetic wavelengths (such as red and orange) do not penetrate into the whalefish's realm: animals which have evolved at this depth cannot see longer wavelengths, rendering the whalefish effectively black.

Their stomaches are highly distensible, allowing adult female whalefish to pursue prey otherwise too large to swallow. Adult male members of the species do not eat at all, as their jaws have fused shut; as juveniles they store eaten shells and continue to metabolise them through the remainder of their life. Both traits may have evolved due to extreme food scarcity in the ocean depths.[1]

Though little is known regarding the life history of the flabby whalefish, new discoveries are being made. "[Whalefish] live in the oceanic bathypelagic realm (1000–4000m) [which is] a nutrient-poor habitat. Most fishes living there have pelagic larvae using the rich waters of the upper 200m.[The whalefish has remarkable] developmental changes and life-history strategies [that allow it to cope with occupying] such contrasting environments." This species is an "extreme example of ontogenetic metamorphoses and sexual dimorphism in vertebrates." In early 2009 the Royal Society published an article detailing the discovery "that three families with greatly differing morphologies, Mirapinnidae (tapetails), Megalomycteridae (bignose fishes) and Cetomimidae (whalefishes), are larvae, males and females, respectively, of a single family Cetomimidae." Apparently "Morphological transformations involve dramatic changes in the skeleton, most spectacularly in the head, and are correlated with distinctly different feeding mechanisms. Larvae have small, upturned mouths and gorge on copepods. Females have huge gapes with long, horizontal jaws and specialized gill arches allowing them to capture larger prey. Males cease feeding, lose their stomach and oesophagus, and apparently convert the energy from the bolus of copepods found in all transforming males to a massive liver that supports them throughout adult life."[2]

Like many deep-sea fishes, flabby whalefish are thought to undergo nightly vertical migrations: they feed within the upper 700 metres of the water column by starlight and retreat back to the abyssal depths by daybreak. Judging by the latest studies, the younger whalefish seem to frequent shallower water than adults.

Before a report released in January 2009, the juveniles of the species were thought to belong to a separate taxonomic family Mirapinnidae in the Cetomimiform family, with three genera Eutaeniophorus, Mirapinna, and Parataeniophorus. These "tapetails", as they are also known, had been known exclusively from immature specimens, which live in shallower waters than the adults.[3]

The tapetails are named for their caudal fins, which include a narrow streamer that may be longer than the fish's body. The genus Mirapinna, known as the Hairyfish, lacks the streamer, but has multiple hair-like growths on its body. All mirapinnids lack scales and fin rays. Mirapinnids are all small fish, less than 7 centimetres (2.8 in) in length. They feed on small crustaceans.[3]

Former classification

Three genera and five species of mirapinnid were documented, although the group remained obscure.[4]

Family Mirapinnidae

* Genus Eutaeniophorus
o Eutaeniophorus festivus - Festive ribbonfish
* Genus Mirapinna
o Mirapinna esau - Hairyfish
* Genus Parataeniophorus - Tapetails
o Parataeniophorus bertelseni
o Parataeniophorus brevis
o Parataeniophorus gulosus

Species

There are twenty species in nine genera:

* Genus Cetichthys
o Cetichthys indagator (Rofen, 1959).
o Cetichthys parini Paxton, 1989.
* Genus Cetomimus
o Cetomimus compunctus Abe, Marumo & Kawaguchi, 1965.
o Cetomimus craneae Harry, 1952.
o Cetomimus gillii Goode & Bean, 1895.
Cetomimus gillii
o Cetomimus hempeli Maul, 1969.
o Cetomimus kerdops Parr, 1934.
o Cetomimus picklei (Gilchrist, 1922).
o Cetomimus teevani Harry, 1952.
* Genus Cetostoma
o Pink flabby whalefish, Cetostoma regani Zugmayer, 1914.
* Genus Danacetichthys
o Danacetichthys galathenus Paxton, 1989.
* Genus Ditropichthys
o Ditropichthys storeri (Goode & Bean, 1895).
Ditropichthys storeri
* Genus Gyrinomimus
o Gyrinomimus andriashevi Fedorov, Balushkin & Trunov, 1987.
o Gyrinomimus bruuni Rofen, 1959.
o Gyrinomimus grahami Richardson & Garrick, 1964.
o Gyrinomimus myersi Parr, 1934.
o Gyrinomimus simplex Parr, 1946.
* Genus Notocetichthys
o Trunov southern cetomimid, Notocetichthys trunovi Balushkin, Fedorov & Paxton, 1989.
* Genus Procetichthys
o Procetichthys kreffti Paxton, 1989.
* Genus Rhamphocetichthys
o Savage's birdsnouted whalefish, Rhamphocetichthys savagei Paxton, 1989.

References

* Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Cetomimidae" in FishBase. November 2005 version.
* Classification, diversity and biology of whalefishes and relatives
* Template:Royal Society Publishing

1. ^ a b G.David Johnson et al. (2009). "Deep-sea mystery solved: astonishing larval transformations and extreme sexual dimorphism unite three fish families". Biology letters 5 (2): 235–9. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0722. PMC 2667197. PMID 19158027. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2667197.
2. ^ http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/g06648352k5m1562/
3. ^ a b Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 164. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
4. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Mirapinnidae" in FishBase. November 2008 version.