Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Siluriformes
Familia: Callichthyidae
Genus: Callichthys
Species: C. callichthys – C. fabricioi – C. oibaensis – C. serralabium
Name
Callichthys Scopoli (ex Gronow), 1777
Synonyms
Silurus callichthys Linnaeus, 1758
Callichthys asper Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Cataphractus depressus Swainson, 1839
Callichthys depressus (Swainson, 1839
Callichthys asper Valenciennes, 1840
Callichthys caelatus Valenciennes, 1840
Callichthys laeviceps Valenciennes, 1840
Callichthys loricatus Gronow, 1854
Callichthys kneri Gill, 1858
Callichthys tamoata Bleeker, 1864
Callichthys affinis Günther, 1864
Callichthys hemiphractus Hensel, 1868
Callichthys arcifer Hensel, 1868
Callichthys is a small genus of freshwater catfish in the Callichthyinae subfamily of the armored catfish family, and consists of 4 species from South America. The genus Callichthys is distributed in most freshwater drainages of South America.[1]
Taxonomy
The type species for this genus is Callichtys callichthys. The name Callichthys is derived from the Greek kallos (beautiful) and ichthys (fish).[2] 3 of the 4 species were described only relatively recently.[3]
The genus Callichthys is in need of taxonomic work, as it includes 13 nominal species but specimens of this genus are usually referred to as C. callichthys regardless of collecting locality.[3]
According to a 1997 paper, Callichthys is the most basal member of the subfamily.[4] In a 2004 study, different relationships among the callichthyines were found: Dianema and Hoplosternum form the most basal clade, and Callichthys is sister to Lepthoplosternum and Megalechis.[5]
Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus:[2]
Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cascarudo)
Callichthys fabricioi Román-Valencia, Lehmann A. & Muñoz, 1999
Callichthys oibaensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2006
Callichthys serralabium Lehmann A. & R. E. dos Reis, 2004
Description
The genus Callichthys can be readily distinguished from other callichthyids by having the coracoids covered by skin and not exposed ventrally, the infraorbital bones also covered by skin, and the head highly depressed with less than 75% of the cleithral width (except sometimes in mature males).[3]
Ecology
Callichthys is normally found in large schools on the muddy bottoms of slow-moving rivers, pools, drainage ditches, and swampy areas. In water with low oxygen content, the fish are capable of utilizing atmospheric air by taking in a gulp of air at the surface of the water and passing it back to the hind gut. The walls of the gut are lined with tiny blood vessels into which the oxygen from the air can pass, similar to the function of true lungs. The remaining gasses pass out through the anus. When there is a severe drought, these air breathers are able to traverse short stretches of land seeking better conditions. The fish is also capable of making sounds, both grunts and squeaks.
In the aquarium
Spawning has been accomplished in the aquarium. Callichthys is a builder of bubblenests from plant parts, some bottom materials, and bubbles formed by a mouth secretion and air. The male forms a mass of bubbles about 20 cm (8 in) in diameter and 10 cm (4 in) high. During the time of construction, the female is actively chased away or ignored. When the nest construction is complete, the male will accept the female. The eggs (up to several hundred) are deposited into the nest and the male or the pair will actively protect the nest for about four weeks until the fry come out of the nest at the size of 2.5 cm (1 in).
References
Reis, Roberto E. (1996-04-29). "Callichthys". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Callichthys in FishBase. December 2011 version.
Lehmann A., Pablo; Reis, Roberto E. (2004). Armbruster, J. W. (ed.). "Callichthys serralabium: A New Species of Neotropical Catfish from the Upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)". Copeia. 2004 (2): 336–343. doi:10.1643/CI-03-129R.
Lehmann A, Pablo; Reis, Roberto E. (2004). Armbruster, J. W. (ed.). "Callichthys serralabium: A New Species of Neotropical Catfish from the Upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)". Copeia. 2004 (2): 336–343. doi:10.1643/CI-03-129R. ISSN 0045-8511.
Reis, Roberto E.; Kaefer, Cintia C. (2005). Armbruster, J. W. (ed.). "Two New Species of the Neotropical Catfish Genus Lepthoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)". Copeia. 2005 (4): 724–731. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2005)005[0724:TNSOTN]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511.
Burgess, Dr. Warren E. (1987). A Complete Introduction to Corydoras and Related Catfishes. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-86622-264-2.
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