Brachyhypopomus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Gymnotiformes

Familia: Hypopomidae
Genus: Brachyhypopomus
Subgenera: B. (Brachyhypopomus) – B. (Odontohypopomus)
[not recognized by Crampton et al. 2016a,b]
Species (28): B. alberti – B. arrayae – B. batesi – B. beebei – B. belindae – B. benjamini – B. bennetti – B. bombilla – B. brevirostris – B. bullocki – B. cunia – B. diazi – B. draco – B. flavipomus – B. gauderio – B. hamiltoni – B. hendersoni – B. janeiroensis – B. jureiae – B. menezesi – B. occidentalis – B. palenque – B. pinnicaudatus – B. provenzanoi – B. regani – B. sullivani – B. verdii – B. walteri
Name

Brachyhypopomus Mago-Leccia, 1994: 47

Type species: Rhamphichthys brevirostris Steindachner, 1868, by original designation.
Synonyms

Odontohypopomus Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox Fernandes, 2013: 6 (as subgenus)
Type species: Brachyhypopomus walteri Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox Fernandes, 2013, by original designation.

References
Primary references

Mago–Leccia, F. 1994. Electric fishes of the continental waters of America: classification and catalogue of the electric fishes of the order Gymnotiformes (Teleostei : Ostariophysi) with descriptions of new genera and species. Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas, y Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela 29: 1–225.

Additional references

Sullivan, J. P., Zuanon, J. & Cox Fernandes, C. 2013. Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1–34. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.327.5427 Reference page.
Crampton, W.G.R., de Santana, C.D., Waddell, J.C. & Lovejoy, N.R. 2016. Phylogenetic Systematics, Biogeography, and Ecology of the Electric Fish Genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes). PLoS ONE 11(10): e0161680. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161680 Reference page.
Crampton, W.G.R., de Santana, C.D., Waddell, J.C. & Lovejoy, N.R. 2016. A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 14(4): e150146. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150146 Reference page.

Brachyhypopomus is a genus of fish in the family Hypopomidae (bluntnose knifefish) native primarily to tropical and subtropical South America (south to the Río de la Plata Basin), although a single species, B. occidentalis, also occurs in Panama and Costa Rica.[1][2] They are found in a wide range of static or slow-flowing freshwater habitats such as edges of rivers, streams, floodplains and swamps, but they are absent from deep river channels (a habitat of many other knifefish).[2] There are both species in well-oxygenated waters and poorly oxygenated waters; those in the latter have adaptions that allow them to survive this like larger gills or the capability of gulping up mouthfuls of air from the water surface.[2][3] Brachyhypopomus feed during the night on small invertebrates.[2]

They are small to medium sized knifefish, reaching up to 12–46 cm (4.7–18.1 in) in total length depending on the species involved.[1][2] Overall the various species are similar in general shape, but they do differ in morphometrics and meristics. They vary in general color and pattern, but are well-camouflaged and typically brownish. During the night they change color and become very pale, even species that are dark-colored during the day. Brachyhypopomus are very similar to Microsternarchus and Procerusternarchus.[2]
Species

There are currently 28 recognized species in this genus:[1]

Brachyhypopomus alberti Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus arrayae Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus batesi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus beebei (L. P. Schultz, 1944)
Brachyhypopomus belindae Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus benjamini Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus bennetti Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox-Fernandes, 2013[4]
Brachyhypopomus bombilla Loureiro & A. C. Silva, 2006
Brachyhypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner, 1868)
Brachyhypopomus bullocki Sullivan & Hopkins, 2009
Brachyhypopomus cunia Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus diazae (Fernández-Yépez, 1972)
Brachyhypopomus draco Giora, L. R. Malabarba & Crampton, 2008
Brachyhypopomus flavipomus Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus gauderio (formerly Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus) Giora & L. R. Malabarba, 2009
Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus hendersoni Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis (W. J. E. M. Costa & Campos-da-Paz, 1992)
Brachyhypopomus jureiae Triques & Khamis, 2003
Brachyhypopomus menezesi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus occidentalis (Regan, 1914)
Brachyhypopomus palenque Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus regani Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus sullivani Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016 [2]
Brachyhypopomus verdii Crampton, de Santana, Waddell & Lovejoy, 2016[2]
Brachyhypopomus walteri Sullivan, Zuanon & Cox-Fernandes, 2013[4]

References

Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Brachyhypopomus in FishBase. June 2017 version.
Crampton, W.G.R., de Santana, C.D., Waddell, J.C. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2016): Clifford,W,J A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (4): e150146.
Carvalho, L.N.; L. Fidelis; R. Arruda; A. Galuch; K. Zuanon (2013). "Second floor, please: the fish fauna of floating litter banks in Amazonian streams and rivers". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 11 (1): 78–91. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252013000100010.
Sullivan, J.P., Zuanon, J. & Cox Fernandes, C. (2013): Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys, 327: 1–34.