Batrachoididae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Osteichthyes
Classis: Actinopterygii
Subclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Superordo: Paracanthopterygii
Ordo: Batrachoidiformes
Familia: Batrachoididae
Subfamiliae: Batrachoidinae - Halophryninae - Porichthyinae - Thalassophryninae

Name

Batrachoididae

References

* Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0471250317.
* Greenfield, D.W., R. Winterbottom, and B.B. Collette. 2008. Review of the toadfish genera (Teleostei: Batrachoididae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, 59(15): 665-710
* Batrachoididae Report on ITIS

Vernacular names
日本語: ガマアンコウ科
Polski: batrachowate

Batrachoididae is the only family in the ray-finned fish order Batrachoidiformes. Fish in this family are usually called toadfish: both the English common name and scientific name refer to their toad-like appearance (batrakhos is Greek for frog).

Toadfish are benthic ambush predators that favor sandy or muddy substrates where their cryptic coloration helps them avoid detection by their prey. Toadfish are well known for their ability to "sing", males in particular using the swim bladder as a sound-production device used to attract mates.

Description

Toadfishes are usually scaleless, with eyes set high on large heads. Their mouths are also large, with both maxilla and premaxilla, and often decorated with barbels and skin flaps. They are generally drab in colour, although those living coral reefs may have brighter patterns. They range in size from 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) length in Thlassophryne megalops, to 57 centimetres (22 in) in the Pacuna toadfish.[2]

The gills are small and occur only on the sides of the fish. The pelvic fins are forward of the pectoral fins, usually under the gills, and have one spine with several soft rays.[2] There are two separate dorsal fins; the first is smaller with spines, while the second has from 15 to 25 soft rays. The number of vertebrae range from 25 to 47.

Toadfishes of the genus Porichthys, the midshipman fishes, have photophores and four lateral lines. All toadfishes possess sharp spines on the first dorsal fin and on the opercle (gill cover). In fish of the subfamily Thalassophryninae, these are hollow and connect to venom glands capable of delivering a painful wound to predators.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Most toadfish are marine, though some are found in brackish water and one subfamily, the Thalassophryninae, is found exclusively in freshwater habitats in South America. In particular, Daector quadrizonatus and Thalassophryne amazonica are known from the Atrato River in Colombia, and the Amazon River, respectively.

Habits and reproduction

Toadfishes are bottom-dwellers, ranging from near shore areas to deep waters. They tend to be omnivorous, eating sea worms, crustaceans, mollusks and other fish. They often hide in rock crevices, among the bottom vegetation, or even dig dens in the bottom sediments, from which they ambush their prey. Toadfish can survive out of water for as much as 24 hours, and some can move across exposed mudflats at low tide using their fins.[2]

Males make nests, and then attract females by "singing", that is, by releasing air by contracting muscles on their swim bladder. The sound has been called a 'hum' or 'whistle', and can be loud enough to be clearly audible from the surface. The eggs are sticky on one side, so that the female can attach them to the side of the nest. Each male will attract numerous females to his nest, so that the eggs within will have multiple different mothers.

The male then guards the nest against predators. During this period, the male must survive on a limited supply of food, as they are not able to leave the immediate vicinity to hunt. The eggs rapidly develop into embryos, but these remain attached to the side of the nest until the age of about three to four weeks. After this time, they continue to cluster around and hide behind the male, until they are large enough to fend for themselves. This degree of parental care is very unusual among fishes.[2]

Genera

There are about 80 species of toadfish, grouped into 21 genera, as follows:[1]

Order Batrachoidiformes

* Family Batrachoididae
o Subfamily Batrachoidinae
+ Genus Allenbatrachus (3 species)
+ Genus Amphichthys (3 species)
+ Genus Austrobatrachus - Puzzled toadfish (1 species)
+ Genus Batrachoides (9 species)
+ Genus Batrachomoeus (5 species)
+ Genus Batrichthys (3 species)
+ Genus Bifax - Two-faced toadfish (1 species)
+ Genus Chatrabus (2 species)
+ Genus Colletteichthys - Flat toadfish (1 species)
+ Genus Halobatrachus - Lusitanian toadfish (1 species)
+ Genus Halophryne (4 species)
+ Genus Opsanus (6 species)
+ Genus Perulibatrachus (3 species)
+ Genus Potamobatrachus (1 species)
+ Genus Riekertia - Broadbodied toadfish (1 species)
+ Genus Sanopus (6 species)
+ Genus Thalassothia (1 species)
+ Genus Triathalassothia (2 species)
+ Genus Vladichthys (1 species)
o Subfamily Porichthyinae
+ Genus Aphos (1 species)
+ Genus Porichthys - Midshipmen (14 species)
o Subfamily Thlassophryininae
+ Genus Daector (5 species)
+ Genus Thalassophryne (6 species)

Economics

Toadfish are not normally commercially exploited, however, they are taken by local fishermen as a food fish, and by trawlers where they usually end up as a source of fishmeal and oil. Some smaller toadfish from brackish-water habitats have been exported as fresh-water aquarium fishes.

The western Atlantic species Opsanus tau known as the oyster toadfish is quite widely used as a research animal, while a few species, most notably Thalassophryne amazonica, are occasionally kept as aquarium fish.

References

1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Batrachoididae" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
2. ^ a b c d e Hutchins, J. Barry (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

* Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) "Order Batrachoidiformes" Fishes of the World (4th ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9 pp. 248-249;
* Collette, B. B. "Order Batrachoidiformes, Batrachoididae, Toadfishes." In Carpenter, Kent E. (ed.) (2002) The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2, Bony fishes. Pt. 1 Acipenseridae to Grammatidae Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Special publication of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists no. 5) ISBN 9251048266 ;
* Collette, B.B. and J. L. Russo (1981) "A Revision of the Scaly Toadfishes, Genus Batrachoides, with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Eastern Pacific" Bulletin of Marine Science 31(2): pp. 197–233;
* Hutchins, J.B. (1976) "A revision of the Australian frogfishes (Batrachoididae)" Records of the Western Australian Museum 4(1): pp. 3-43;
* CBC Radio Quirks and Quarks show podcast segment on unique toad fish habits with links to primary sources.