Balantiocheilos melanopterus

Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Information about this image)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Cypriniformes
Subordo: Cyprinoidei

Familia: Cyprinidae
Subfamilia: Cyprininae
Genus: Balantiocheilos
Species: Balantiocheilos melanopterus
Name

Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker, 1850)

Synonyms

Barbus melanopterus Bleeker, 1850
Puntius melanopterus (Bleeker, 1850)

Vernacular names
English: Silver shark, Bala shark, Tricolor shark
русский: Акулий бала
ไทย: ปลาหางไหม้, ปลาหางเหยี่ยว, ปลาหนามหลังครีบดำ, ปลาฉลามหางไหม้
References

Balantiocheilos melanopterus in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.

The bala shark (Balantiocheilos melanopterus), also known as the tricolor shark, tricolor sharkminnow, silver shark, or shark minnow, is a fish of the family Cyprinidae, and is one of the two species in the genus Balantiocheilos.[2] This species is not a true shark, but is commonly so called because of its torpedo-shaped body and large fins.
Distribution

The bala shark occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.[3][4] Previous records further north in the Mekong and Chao Phraya River is due to confusion with the recently described and possibly extinct B. ambusticauda (although the presence of any Balantiocheilos in the Mekong is questionable).[4]
Appearance and anatomy

These fish have a silver body with black margins on their dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins. They have big eyes to find and catch their prey. The bala shark will grow to a maximum length of 35 cm (14 in).[3]
Habitat and ecology

Bala sharks are found in midwater depths in large and medium-sized rivers and lakes. They feed on phytoplankton, but mostly on small crustaceans, rotifers, and insects and their larvae.[3]
In the aquarium
Recommended conditions in the aquarium[5]

Tank size	500 litres (125 gallons)
Water temperature	22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
Water salinity	Freshwater (0 ppt)
Temperament	Peaceful, schooling and timid when young, best kept in groups of at least 3
Diet	Omnivorous
Water hardness	5–12 °dH
pH	6–8

Large numbers of B. melanopterus are exported for the aquarium trade from Thailand, having been bred in captivity.[6] Bala sharks are misunderstood aquarium fish.[7] These fish are generally peaceful and good companions to many other types of tropical fish.[7] Bala sharks are widely available in most pet stores, but will grow to a size too large for the home aquarium.[7]

They are a hardy fish that will tolerate temperature changes, pH changes, and other factors to which other fish may be sensitive. The water pH should be 6.0–8.0. The preferable water hardness for this species is soft to medium (5.0–12.0 dGH). Water temperature should be kept between 22–28 °C (72–82 °F).[3] The bala shark prefers to be kept in groups of two or more specimens.[3] It requires a covered aquarium as it is a skilled jumper, but may injure itself on the lid of the tank.[7]

Very young bala sharks are sometimes kept in small aquaria. However, given their adult size, schooling behavior, and swimming speed, the fish quickly grow to need much more room. Hobbyists continue to debate over acceptable minimum tank sizes, but generally recommend at least a 2-meter tank. FishBase lists a minimum of 150 cm (4.9 ft).[3] Many believe the fish is simply too large and too active to be kept in residential aquaria at all; only enormous, custom-built tanks are acceptable, if any tank at all is. Indoor ponds are also considered feasible housing options and may be better suited to the average aquarist.[8]
Conservation

Balantiocheilo melanopterus is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN Red List.[1] It has become rare or extinct in many river basins of its native range.[3] In Danau Sentarum (Borneo), fishermen already reported in 1993 and 1995 that the populations had decreased dramatically after 1975, for no clear reason. Fishermen mentioned overfishing for the aquarium-fish trade or forest fires in 1975 and the resulting pollution as possible causes. The species is apparently extirpated in the Batang Hari basin (Sumatra) and it seems that all individuals of B. melanopterus exported from Indonesia and Thailand by the aquarium-fish trade are captive bred.[4]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balantiocheilos melanopterus.

Lumbantobing, D. (2020). "Balantiocheilos melanopterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T149451010A90331546. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T149451010A90331546.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
INFOFISH International. University of California. 2007. p. 70.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Balantiocheilos melanopterus" in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
Ng, Heok Hee; Kottelat, Maurice (2007). "Balantiocheilos ambusticauda, a new and possibly extinct species of cyprinid fish from Indochina (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1463: 13–20. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1463.1.2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27.
"aquarium". aquariumsource. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
Vidthayanon, C. (2011). "Balantiocheilos ambusticauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T180665A7649599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180665A7649599.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Axelrod, Herbert R.; Emmens, C.; Burgess, W.; Pronek, N. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-543-1.
"Bala Shark Care Guide". Tankquarium. 5 March 2021.