Anguilla marmorata

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Elopocephalai
Supercohors: Elopocephala
Cohors/Superordo: Elopomorpha
Ordo: Anguilliformes
Subordo: Anguilloidei

Familia: Anguillidae
Genus: Anguilla
Species: Anguilla marmorata
Name

Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824

References

Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. 1824–25. Description des Poissons. Chapter IX. In: Freycinet, L. de: Voyage autour du Monde...exécuté sur les corvettes de L. M. "L'Uranie" et "La Physicienne," pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Paris. 192–401 [1–328 in 1824; 329–616 in 1825], Atlas pls. 43–65. BHL Reference page.
Abdul Kadir, S.R., Abdul Rasid, M.H.F., Kwong, K.O., Wong, L.L. & Arai, T. 2017. Occurrence and the ecological implication of a tropical anguillid eel Anguilla marmorata from peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 695: 103—110. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.695.13298. Reference page.

Vernacular names
日本語: オオウナギ
Bahasa Melayu: belut tuna, ikan linang
ไทย: ปลาตูหนาลาย, ปลาตูหนา่แม่น้ำโขง, ปลาไหลยักษ์
中文: 花鳗, 花鳗鲡, 鲈鳗

The giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata), also known as the marbled eel, is a species of tropical anguillid eel that is found in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent freshwater habitats.[2]

Description
Specimen

Similar to other anguillids, the giant mottled eel is cylindrical with small, well-developed pectoral fins and a protruding lower jaw.[3] The eel has thick, fleshy lips.[3] The eel has dorsal and anal fins that are continuous around the tail, with the origin of the dorsal-fin between the pectoral fins and anus.[3] It has small, oval-shaped scales that are embedded in the skin.[3]

Unlike some other anguillid species, this species has a mottled color.[2][3] The adult eels are yellow with a greenish-brown to black marbling on their back and a white belly.[2][3] The young elvers have less visible marbling and are grayish to yellow.[2][3] The dorsal fin of the marbled eel is closer to the gill opening than to the anus, more anterior than other species of Anguilla.[3] Like all anguillid eels, it does not have pelvic fins.[4] The head is rounded and the snout is depressed.[4] Its teeth are small and in bands.[4] It has a total of 100 to 110 vertebrae.[2]

It can grow up to 2 meters (6.6 ft) for females and 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) for males and can weigh up to 20.5 kilograms (45 lb),[2] making it the largest species of anguillid eels. The marbled eel can live up to about 40 years.[3]
Distribution and habitat

This anguillid species can be found from East Africa to French Polynesia and as far north as southern Japan.[2][3][5] In Africa, it may be found within Mozambique and the lower Zambezi River.[2] The giant mottled eel has the widest distribution of all the Anguilla eels.[3][6] It is usually found in tropical climates between 24°N to 33°S.[2] It has also been found in other more distant regions such as the Galapagos possibly due to abnormal larval transport associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation events.[7] It is not on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but in Taiwan, it is endangered.[3][8]

In 2002, a single eel was captured from a pond close to Kaupo, Maui, Hawaii, though it is not indigenous to the area.[3]
Ecology and behaviour
Life cycle of eels

The adults of this species are demersal, living on the bottom of fresh to brackish waters, in rivers, lakes, and tributaries.[2] This species and all anguillid eels are catadromous, migrating sometimes long distances out into the open ocean to spawning over deep water.[2] A spawning area of this species is known to be west of the Mariana Islands in an area of the North Equatorial Current in the western North Pacific, but other spawning areas are thought to exist in the western South Pacific and Indian Ocean.[9]

Marbled eels spend their adult lives in freshwater or estuarine habitats, and migrate to the ocean to reproduce.[3] When the eggs hatch, the leptocephali drift in ocean currents for months until they reach estuaries as glass eels where they migrate upstream into freshwater as elvers.[3] Then, after about 8 to 20 years in brackish or freshwater, the yellow eels grow up into silver eels (mature eels), and they return to the ocean for reproduction.[3]
Feeding

The marbled eel is carnivorous, but harmless, with a wide-ranging diet, eating shrimp, crabs, bony fish, and frogs.[10] It is nocturnal, so it is active at night.[10]
Significance to humans
Anguilla marmorata Stuffed specimen.jpg

Like other anguillid eels, this species is used as a source of food in some regions.[3] Some restaurants buy live eels.[3] In 1992, for example, a typical 12 kilogram (26.5 lb) marbled eel retailed for one thousand US dollars in China.[3][11]
A giant mottled eel in the lagoon of Wallis island (South Pacific).

An eel habitat, Cheonjiyeon Waterfalls' pond, is a natural monument in South Korea.[12]

Large individuals of this species are also highly regarded and are not harmed by native people in some island groups of the western Pacific.
References

Pike, C.; Crook, V.; Jacoby, D.; Gollock, M. (2020). "Anguilla marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T166189A176493885. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T166189A176493885.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Anguilla marmorata" in FishBase. February 2006 version.
USGS. "Anguilla marmorata (fact sheet)". Retrieved 2006-11-21.
Discover Life. "Anguilla marmorata". Retrieved 2011-06-28.
Tsukamoto, K.; Aoyama, J. (1998). "Evolution of freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla: a probable scenario". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 52: 139–148. doi:10.1023/A:1007427724175.
Robinet, T.; Guyet, S.; Marquet, G. R.; Mounaix, B. A.; Olivier, J. M.; Tsukamoto, K.; Valade, P.; Feunteun, E. (2003). "Elver invasion, population structure and growth of marbled eels Anguilla marmorata in a tropical river on Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 68 (4): 339–348. doi:10.1023/B:EBFI.0000005761.51686.f7.
McCosker, J. E.; Bustamante, R. H. & Wellington, G. M. (2003). "The freshwater eel, Anguilla marmorata, discovered at Galapagos" (PDF). Noticias de Galápagos. 62: 2–6. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
Shiao, J. C.; Iizuka, Y.; Chang, C. W.; Tzeng, W. N. (2003). "Disparities in habitat use and migratory behavior between tropical eel Anguilla marmorata and temperate eel A. japonica in four Taiwanese rivers" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 261: 233–242. doi:10.3354/meps261233.
Miller, M.; Mochioka, N.; Otake, T.; Tsukamoto, K. (2002). "Evidence of a spawning area of Anguilla marmorata in the western North Pacific". Marine Biology. 140 (4): 809–814. doi:10.1007/s00227-001-0754-9.
Paul Harvey Skelton (10 September 2001). A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-86872-643-1. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
Williamson, Gordon R.; Boëtius, Jan (1993). "The eels Anguilla marmorata and A. japonica in the Pearl River, China, and Hong Kong". Asian Fisheries Science. 6: 129–138.
Lee, Cecilia Hae-Jin. (2008). Frommer's South Korea. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 392. ISBN 978-0-470-18191-1.