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Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Siluriformes

Familia: Ictaluridae
Genus: Ameiurus
Species: A. brunneus – A. catus – †A. hazenensis – †A. lavetti – †A. leidyi – †A. macgrewi – A. melas – A. natalis – A. nebulosus – †A. pectinatus – A. platycephalus – †A. reticulatus – †A. sawrockensis – A. serracanthus – †A. vespertinus
A. catus - †A. hazenensis - †A. lavetti - †A. leidyi - †A. macgrewi - A. melas - A. natalis - A. nebulosus

Name

Ameiurus Rafinesque, 1820
References

Ameiurus – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Ferraris Carl J., Jr., Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types. Zootaxa, 1418: 1–628 (2007) (pdf)

Vernacular names
English: Bullhead catfish

Ameiurus is a genus of catfishes in the family Ictaluridae. It contains the three common types of bullhead catfish found in waters of the United States, the black bullhead (Ameiurus melas), the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), and the yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis), as well as other species, such as the white catfish (Ameiurus catus or Ictalurus catus), which are not typically called "bullheads".

The species known as bullheads can be distinguished from channel catfish and blue catfish by their squared tailfins, rather than forked.

Taxonomy and fossil record

Ameiurus is recognized as monophyletic, meaning it forms a natural group. It is mostly closely related to the clade formed by the genera Noturus, Prietella, Satan, and Pylodictis.[1]

There is a sister group relationship between the species A. melas and A. nebulosus.[1]
Species
Extant Species

There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:[2]

Extinct Species

There are currently eight recognized fossil species in this genus:[3] The oldest, A. pectinatus, gives a minimum age estimate for the genus at approximately 30 million years, during the Oligocene.[1]

†Ameiurus hazenensis
†Ameiurus lavetti
†Ameiurus leidyi
†Ameiurus macgrewi
†Ameiurus pectinatus
†Ameiurus reticulatus
†Ameiurus sawrockensis
†Ameiurus vespertinus

Distribution

Living species of Ameiurus catfishes are natively distributed east of the North American continental divide, from their westernmost point in central Montana, south to Texas, in streams of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coast, north to New Brunswick and Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.[1]
Habitat

Bullheads live in a variety of habitats, including brackish and/or low oxygen ponds, rivers and lakes, although they are seldom stocked intentionally. They are bottom feeders and eat virtually anything edible, including dead fish, insects, other fish, grain, fruit, crayfish and more. Because of their limited use as for sport, they are usually caught while trying to catch other fish, and few anglers pursue them specifically. Persons looking to catch bullheads will use the same bait as they would for channel catfish, including cut bait, chicken livers, blood-soaked meal, or other pungent baits. In the Northeastern US, bullheads are often sold to restaurants in the spring for "fish fries" by amateur fisher folk by the 5 gallon bucket load. Like all catfish, bullheads have a sense of smell that is more developed than most canines.[4]
Description and identification

Bullheads do not get as large as the other catfishes native to North America, with average sizes in the one to two-pound range and world record sizes well under 10 pounds (4.5 kg).

All three major bullheads can be confused with other catfishes by novice anglers. Because they have an unforked tail, many people mistakenly think small flathead catfish are bullheads. Both have the squared tail, and can have a mottled, brown appearance (in the case of the brown bullhead), but the flathead lower lip protrudes farther than its upper lip and it has a flat or "shovel" head. They also have very different habits and habitat.

Flatheads generally eat only live things, while bullheads will freely eat dead fish or other small animals. The flathead is more likely to be found at the bottom of dams or in gravel pits, while bullheads are found more often in the more murky areas. Additionally, flatheads can reach weights well in excess of 100 pounds (45 kg), while the current world's record for any bullhead is a black bullhead, recorded at 8 pounds (3.6 kg)[5] even while the average adult is perhaps 2 pounds (0.91 kg). Brown and yellow bullheads are significantly smaller.
Relationship to humans

They are considered rough fish by many, and are seldom caught for food, although they can be quite edible if caught in clear water and prepared correctly.[6] In Minnesota, bullhead are important to commercial fishermen, who harvest about 1 million pounds a year.[7] Bullheads can make excellent live bait for larger catfish species such as flathead catfish in states where legal.

On July 12, 1940, in Waterville, southern Minnesota a commercial bullhead fisherman named Bryant Baumgardner killed plainclothes game wardens Marcus Whipps, Adolf Holt, and Dudley Brady, who were investigating his operation[8] The killings became known as The Bullhead Murders, as researched by James M. Keller for his 2012 book, “Tragedy on Fish Row: The Waterville Shootings.” Baumgartner then killed himself.

In the early 20th century local people could sell their catch for cents on the pound, more if cleaned. Wholesalers would pack the fish for market where eager customers sought out the cheap protein. However, bag limits were localized, and wardens suspected Baumgardner of smuggling fish caught in other parts of the state and of poor recordkeeping.

The black bullhead flourished in waters polluted by sewers, mink farms, chicken and livestock processors, and other largely unregulated waste producers. What wasn’t sold for human consumption, the guts, bones, skins, and heads became food for mink ranches. Scott Mackenthun, a fisheries biologist with the Minnesota DNR, said black bullhead abundance has declined statewide the past 40 years after the Clean Water Act took effect in 1972. The DNR unveiled a memorial to the three slain conservation wardens in June 2011 in nearby New Ulm.
References

Hardman, Michael; Page, Lawrence M. (2003). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Bullhead Catfishes of the Genus Ameiurus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae)". Copeia. 2003 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0020:prabco]2.0.co;2.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Ameiurus in FishBase. December 2011 version.
Ferraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007). "Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1418: 1–628. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1.
Understanding Catfish Senses Archived 2007-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
"Catfish and Bullheads - How Big is Big - Freshwater Fishing". Fishing.about.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
The best 'o bull Archived November 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
"Catfish Management Minnesota DNR". Dnr.state.mn.us. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Accessed 31 October 2021, https://www.startribune.com/in-cold-blood-70-years-ago-three-minnesota-wardens-gunned-down/98671814/

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