Sirenia

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Theria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Superordo: Afrotheria
Cladus: Paenungulata
Ordo: Sirenia
Familiae: Dugongidae - †Prorastomidae - †Protosirenidae - Trichechidae

Name

Sirenia Illiger, 1811

Synonyms

* Halobioidea Ameghino, 1889
* Herbivorae Gray, 1821
* Phycoceta Haeckel, 1866
* Sirenoidea van Beneden, 1855
* Sireniformes Kinman, 1994
* Trichechiformes Hay, 1923

Vernacular names
Internationalization
Deutsch: Seekühe
English: Dugong and manatees
Español: Sirénidos
日本語: ジュゴン目
Nederlands: Zeekoeien
‪Norsk (bokmål)‬: Sjøkyr
Polski: syreny
Português: Sirenídeos
Suomi: Sireenieläimet
Svenska: Sirendjur (sjökor)
Українська: Сирени

References

* Sirenia on Mammal Species of the World.
* Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2 Volume Set edited by Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder

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Sirenia (commonly referred to as sea cows) is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. Four species are living, in two families and genera. These are the dugong (1 species) and manatees (3 species excluding a possible fourth species, the Dwarf Manatee). Sirenia also includes Steller's sea cow, extinct since the 18th century, and a number of taxa known only from fossils. The order evolved during the Eocene, more than 50 million years ago.

Sirenia, commonly sirenians, are also referred to by the common name sirens, deriving from the sirens of Greek mythology.[1][2] This comes from an urban legend about their discovery, involving lonely sailors mistaking them for mermaids.
Description

Sirenians have major aquatic adaptations: forelimbs have modified into arms used for steering, the tail has modified into a paddle used for propulsion, and the hind limbs (legs) are but two small remnant bones floating deep in the muscle. They appear fat, but are fusiform, hydrodynamic, and highly muscular. Their skulls are highly modified for taking breaths of air at the water's surface and dentition is greatly reduced. The skeletal bones of both the manatee and dugong are very dense which helps to neutralize the buoyancy of their blubber. The manatee appears to have an almost unlimited ability to produce new teeth as the anterior teeth wear down. They have only two teats, located under their forelimbs, similar to elephants. The elephants are thought as the closest living relative of the sirenians.

The lungs of sirenians are unlobed [3][4]. In sirenians, the lungs and diaphragm extend the entire length of the vertebral column. These adaptations help sirenians control their buoyancy and maintain their horizontal position in the water [5][6].

Living sirenians grow between 2.5-4 meters long and can weigh up to 1500 kg. Hydrodamalis gigas, Steller's sea cow, could reach lengths of 8 meters.[3]

The three manatee species (family Trichechidae) and the dugong (family Dugongidae) are endangered species. All four living species are vulnerable to extinction from habitat loss and other negative impacts related to human population growth and coastal development. Steller's Sea Cow, extinct since 1786, has been hunted into extinction by humans. Manatees and the Dugong are the only marine mammals classified as herbivores. Unlike the other marine mammals (dolphins, whales, seals, sea lions, sea otters, and walruses), sirenians eat primarily sea-grasses and other aquatic vegetation and have an extremely low metabolism and poor tolerance for especially cold water. Sirenians have been observed eating dead animals (sea gulls), but their diet is made up primarily of vegetation. Like dolphins and whales, manatees and the Dugong are totally aquatic mammals that never leave the water — not even to give birth. These animals have been observed eating grass clippings from homes adjacent to water ways, but in this rare occurrence, only the top portion of the sirenia is lifted out of the water. The combination of these factors means that sirenians are restricted to warm shallow coastal waters, estuaries, and rivers, with healthy ecosystems that support large amounts of seagrass and/or other vegetation.

The Trichechidae species differ from Dugongidae in the shape of the skull and the shape of the tail.

Classification
See also: Evolution of sirenians and Paenungulata

Sirenia has been placed in the clade Paenungulata, within Afrotheria, grouping it with two other orders of living mammals: Proboscidea, the elephant families, and Hyracoidea, the hyraxes, and two extinct orders, Embrithopoda and Desmostylia.#
Notes

1. ^ TSN 180676. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
2. ^ What are sirenians? Sirenian International - Manatee & Dugong Research, Education, & Conservation
3. ^ a b Eldredge, Neal (2002). Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. ABC-CLIO. pp. 532. ISBN 1-57607-286-X.
4. ^ Marine Mammal Medicine, 2001, Leslie Dierauf & Frances Gulland, CRC Press
5. ^ Domning, Daryl; Vivian Buffrenil (1991). "Hydrostasis in the Sirenia: Quantitative data and functional interpretations". Marine Mammal Science 7 (4): 331–368.
6. ^ Rommel, Sentiel; John E. Reynolds (2000). "Diaphragm structure and function in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)". The Anatomical Record (Wiley-Liss, Inc.) 259 (1): 41–51.

References

* Shoshani, Jeheskel (November 16, 2005). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M.. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 92-93. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3.
* Garrison, Tom - Oceanography 5th Edition
* The Paleobiology Database