Canis simensis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Theria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Familia: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: Canis simensis
Subspecies: C. s. citernii - C. s. simensis

Name

Canis simensis Rüppell, 1840

Type locality: "Wir beobachteten diesen wolfsartigen Hund in den Bergen von Simen..." [Ethiopia, mountains of Simen].

References

* Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth., 1: p. 39, pl. 14.
* Canis simensis on Mammal Species of the World.
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2 Volume Set edited by Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder
* Canis simensis Report on ITIS
* 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN link: Canis simensis (Endangered) Downloaded on 07 December 2008.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Äthiopischer Wolf
English: Ethiopian Wolf
Español: Lobo etíope, lobo abisinio
Français: Loup d’Abyssinie
Italiano: Volpe di Simien
Nederlands: Ethiopische wolf
日本語: アビシニアジャッカル
‪Norsk (bokmål)‬: Etiopisk ulv
Polski: Kaberu
Português: Lobo etíope
Suomi: Etiopiansusi
Svenska: Etiopisk varg
Türkçe: Habeş kurdu
Українська: Ефіопський вовк

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The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), also known as the Abyssinian wolf, Abyssinian fox, red jackal, Simien fox, or Simien jackal is a canid native to Africa. The numerous names reflect previous uncertainty about its taxonomic position, but it is now thought to be related to the wolves of the genus Canis rather than the foxes it superficially resembles. The Ethiopian wolf is found at altitudes above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the Afro-alpine regions of Ethiopia,[2] and is the top predator of the ecosystem. It is the most endangered canid,[3] with only about seven populations remaining, totalling roughly 550 adults. The largest population is found in the Bale Mountains in southern Ethiopia, although there are also smaller populations in the Semien Mountains in the north of the country, and in a few other areas. Claudio Sillero-Zubiri at the University of Oxford is the zoologist most closely associated with efforts to save this species of wolf, particularly with his work for an oral rabies vaccine to protect them from the disease passed from local dogs. His work is supported by the Born Free Foundation. A rabies outbreak in 1990 reduced the largest known population, found in the Bale Mountains National Park, from about 440 wolves to less than 160 in only two weeks.

Taxonomy and evolution

Initial molecular evidence suggested that the Ethiopian wolf is a descendant of the Grey Wolf.[4] More recent evidence suggests that this is not the case; although the Ethiopian wolf is closely related to other wolves, it probably diverged some three or four million years ago.[5]

Description
In the Simien Mountains, Ethiopia
Ethiopian wolf skull. Note the widely spaced teeth adapted for catching rodents

The Ethiopian wolf is a medium sized canid resembling the coyote in size and conformation, having long legs and a narrow pointed muzzle.[6] It weighs 11–19 kilograms (24–42 pounds),[3] with males being 20% larger than females.[6] The skull has a flat profile with a thick, narrow and low neuro-cranium which is almost cylindrical in shape. The coronal ridge is linear and the inter-parietal bone slightly developed. The teeth are small and widely spaced, an adaptation to their rodent-heavy diet. The dental formula is 3/3-1/1-4/4-2/3=42. The back molars are occasionally absent. The canine teeth are sharply pointed and average 19 millimetres in length. The ears are pointed and broad, sporting thickly fringed pinnae. The front feet have five toes, while the back have four.[6]

The coat is ochre to rusty red on the face, ears and upper portions of the body and white to pale ginger on the underparts. Small white spots are present on the cheeks, as well as a white ascending crescent below the eyes. The contrast of red and white markings increases with age and social rank. Females tend to have paler coats. The back of the tail has a short, rufous-coloured stripe which ends in a thick brush of black guard hairs on the tip. The pelt has short guard hairs and thick underfur which protect the wolf from temperatures as low as −15 °C (+5 °F).[6]

Social behaviour

Although the Ethiopian wolf is primarily a solitary hunter of rodents, it lives in packs that share and defend an exclusive territory. This differs from most larger social carnivores that live in groups for the purpose of hunting cooperatively. In areas with little human interference, packs may average 6 adults, 1–6 yearlings, and 1–13 pups. Typically, packs are an extended family group formed by all males born into the pack during consecutive years and 1–2 females. One study showed that the sex ratio of adult pack members in optimal habitat was biased toward males by a ratio of 2.6:1.[3]

Social gatherings among different packs are more common during the breeding season, and take place in close proximity to the den.

Inter-pack confrontations occur at the territorial border. Ethiopian wolves become highly vocal during these interactions, which invariably end with the smaller group retreating from the larger.[3]

Males do not disperse from their natal pack, while females will leave at the age of two years, joining another pack should a breeding vacancy occur.[6]

Reproduction

Within the pack, the dominant female discourages attempts to mate with her from all but the pack's dominant male, though she is receptive to any wandering male from a neighboring group. Up to 70% of all matings involve males from outside the pack. All members of the pack assist in caring for the pups, with subordinate females sometimes assisting the dominant female in suckling the pups. Females breed no more than once annually and give birth to litters usually consisting of 2–6 pups which are born after a two month gestation period. Females give birth in a den dug on open ground, under a boulder or within a rocky crevice. Adults will regularly shift pups between dens, up to 1300 m (4300 ft) apart.[3]

Dietary habits

The diet of the Ethiopian wolf is almost exclusively composed of diurnal rodents. One study revealed that rodents account for 96% of all prey, with the endemic Big-headed Mole Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) being the main food item.[3] In areas where the Big-headed Mole Rat is absent, the wolf will primarily subsist on the East African Mole Rat. Other recorded prey species include the Black-clawed Brush-furred Rat, Blick's Grass Rat, various vlei rats, the Yellow-spotted Brush-furred Rat, young birds, the Ethiopian Highland Hare, the Cape Hyrax, and young of the Common Duiker, Mountain Reedbuck, and Mountain Nyala. Sedge leaves are sometimes eaten to aid digestion.[6]

Subspecies

There are two recognised subspecies of this canid:[1]

* Canis simensis simensis; Occurs north-west of the Rift valley. Its nasal bones are shorter than those of the southern race.
* Canis simensis citernii; Occurs south-east of the Rift valley. Its coat is redder than that of the northern race.

Status

Ethiopian wolves are decreasing rapidly in population. Fewer than 500 remain today owing to the increased pressure from agriculture, high altitude grazing, hybridization with domestic dogs, direct persecution, and diseases such as rabies.[7] The EWCP (Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Project) actively works on protecting this conservation reliant species.[8] Scientists working with this project have found that this species has some resistance to the effects of small population sizes and some resilience to fragmentation.[8] A 2003 study on the Ethiopian wolf resulted in the conclusion that the key to its survival resides in securing its habitat and isolating its population from the impact of people, livestock and domestic dogs.[8]

The interaction between humans and Ethiopian wolves has become increasingly threatening to their conservation as these negative interactions increase as human density increases. Human interactions include poisoning, persecution in reprisal for livestock losses, and road kills.[9] Mountainous areas are critical for Ethiopian wolves survival to provide a healthy habitat.[8]

Protecting this unique creature entails securing protected status for conservation areas where ecological processes are preserved in an ecosystem, and addressing and counteracting direct threats to survival (human persecution, fragmented populations and coexistence with domestic dogs.) Biologists also recommend the goal of preserving a minimum of 90% of the existing genetic diversity of the species for 100 years, which may require establishing a Nucleus I captive breeding population (preferably in Ethiopia). These aspirations are being pursued by a group called the Ethiopian Wolf Recovery Programme (EWRP).[10]

Relationships with humans

Cultural significance

Unlike the Gray Wolf, the Ethiopian wolf is barely touched upon in the folklore or tradition of the human cultures with which it coexists, though the species is mentioned in Ethiopian literature dating back to the 13th century. Currently, the Ethiopian wolf is a national symbol, having been used in two stamp series. There are not many traditional uses for the Ethiopian wolf, though its liver may be used for medicinal reasons in the northern regions of the country.[6]

Livestock predation

Though in the past the Ethiopian wolf was feared as a livestock predator,[11] today it is not usually considered a major threat to livestock, to the point where sheep and goats are sometimes left unattended in areas where wolves occur. In the southern highlands, losses caused by wolf predation are mostly dismissed due to the rarity of such events when compared to predation by the Spotted Hyena and jackals.[6]

Persecution

Although officially a protected species, wolf killings increased in frequency during Ethiopia's period of instability due to the increased availability of firearms. Ethiopian wolves are not usually exploited for fur, though there was an occasion in Wollo in which wolf skins were used as saddle pads.[6]

References

1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000779.
2. ^ a b Sillero-Zubiri & Marino (2008). Canis simensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 5 May 2008. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is endangered
3. ^ a b c d e f "Animal Info - Ethiopian Wolf". animalinfo.org. http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/canisime.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
4. ^ Gotelli, D.; C. Sillero-Zubiri, G.D. Applebaum, M.S. Roy, D.J. Girman, J. Garcia-Moreno, E.A. Ostrander, R.K. Wayne (1994). "Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis". Molecular Ecology (Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, UK) 3 (4): 301–312. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00070.x. PMID 7921357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7921357. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
5. ^ Lindblad-Toh et al.; Wade, CM; Mikkelsen, TS; Karlsson, EK; Jaffe, DB; Kamal, M; Clamp, M; Chang, JL et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature 438 (7069): 803. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/pdf/nature04338.pdf.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ethiopian wolf". Canids.org. http://www.canids.org/species/Ethiopian_wolf.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
7. ^ Humber, David (1996). Ethiopia Conservation Projects. Retrieved 24 May 2008, from the African Conservation Foundation. http://www.africanconservation.org/ethiopia1.html
8. ^ a b c d Marino, Jorgelina (2003). Threatened Ethiopian Wolves. Retrieved on 24 May 2008, from the Wildcru organization. http://www.wildcru.org/research/es/ethiopianwolf/Marino%20Oryx%202003.pdf
9. ^ Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme. Retrieved on 7 June 2008 from the EWCP Website 2005. www.ethiopianwolf.org
10. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio and Macdonald, David. (2002) The Ethiopian Wolf. Retrieved on 20 May 2008, from the Canids website. http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/EWACTPLN/ewaptoc.htm
11. ^ [1]

* The New Encyclopedia of Mammals edited by David W. Macdonald, Oxford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-19-850823-9

* Mammalian Species: Canis simensis from the American Society of Mammalogists