Canis lupus rufus

Canis lupus rufus (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Theria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Familia: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: Canis lupus
Subspecies: Canis lupus rufus

Name

Canis lupus rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851

Synonyms

* Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851

References

* Canis lupus rufus on Mammal Species of the World.
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2 Volume Set edited by Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder

* Canis lupus rufus Report on ITIS
* IUCN link: Canis lupus rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851 (Critically Endangered)

Vernacular names
Internationalization
Deutsch: Rotwolf
English: Red Wolf
Español: lobo rojo
Français: Loup rouge
עברית: זאב אדמוני
한국어: 붉은늑대
Polski: Wilk rudy
Português: Lobo-vermelho
Suomi: Punasusi
Svenska: Rödvarg
Türkçe: Kızıl kurt

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The Red Wolf (Canis lupus rufus) is a North American canid subspecies which once roamed throughout the Southeastern United States and is a glacial period survivor of the Late Pleistocene epoch.[3] Its natural range extended from Texas to Florida northward to New York. Historical habitats included forests, swamps, and coastal prairies, where it was an apex predator. The Red Wolf became extinct in the wild by 1980.[4] A population of Red Wolf/Coyote hybrids [5] has been successfully reintroduced to eastern North Carolina.[6] Although this population has grown to over 100 animals, it is still highly endangered.

Physiology

Description

The Red Wolf has a brownish or cinnamon pelt, with grey and black shading on the back and tail. Its muzzle is white furred around the lips. Black specimens have been recorded, but these are probably extinct. The Red Wolf is generally intermediate in size between the Coyote and the Gray Wolf. Males can reach up to five feet in length and 80 lbs. in weight. Like the Gray Wolf, it has almond-shaped eyes, a broad muzzle and a wide nosepad, though like the Coyote, its ears are proportionately larger. The Red Wolf has a deeper profile, longer and broader head than the coyote, and has a less prominent ruff than the Gray Wolf.[7] It moults once annually every winter.

The Red Wolf is more resistant to heartworm infestations than most other canids. Restored Red Wolf populations in heartworms, though the infestation has not been shown to be a major mortality source.

Reproduction

The Red Wolf typically reaches maturity at the age of 22 months, though specimens reproducing at the age of 10 months have been recorded. The mating season takes place in February and March with a gestation period of 61–63 days. Pups are usually born in March or April, and number about 1 to 10 babies per litter (though two to five pups are common). The breeding pair typically produce one litter annually. Females may establish several dens during the denning season. The pups are often moved from one den to another.[7]

Behavior

The Red Wolf lives in an extended family unit which includes a dominant breeding pair and young from prior seasons. Offspring typically disperse before the age of 2 years. Group size in north-eastern North Carolina usually numbers from 2–12. The Red Wolf will scent mark territorial boundaries to deter intrusion from other wolf packs.[7] As an apex predator, Red Wolves have no natural predators, although they may compete for prey with bob cats and coyotes and kills may be stolen by American black bears.

Dietary habits

The Red Wolf usually hunts at night, dawn or dusk. It usually feeds alone, though there is evidence of pack hunting behavior. It is not uncommon for pack members to partition resources. In south-east Texas, the Red Wolf primarily feeds on nutria, rabbits, Hispid Cotton Rats, Marsh Rice Rats and muskrats. The reintroduced Red Wolf population of north-eastern North Carolina feeds primarily on white-tailed deer, raccoons and rabbits. At least three livestock depredations have been recorded from this population.[7] Unlike the larger Gray Wolf, which has historically been known to become a man-eater on rare occasions,[8][9] the red wolf has not been recorded to attack people, though they were reported to scavenge upon corpses on the battlefields of the Mexican-American War.[10]

Taxonomy

Many agency reports, books and web pages list the Red Wolf as Canis rufus but recent genetic research has opened a debate about the taxonomy of both the Red Wolf and Eastern Wolf. Wilson et al.. (2000) concluded that the Eastern Wolf and Red Wolf should be considered as sister taxa and recognized as distinct species from other North American canids. However, these conclusions have been widely disputed,[11][12] and Mammal Species of the World[1] which Wikipedia uses as its guide lists them both as subspecies of the Gray Wolf, while noting that extensive hybridization has called the taxon into question.[13]

When considered as a full species, three subspecies of Red Wolf were recognized; two of these subspecies are extinct. Canis rufus floridanus (Maine to Florida).[12] has been extinct since 1930 and Canis rufus gregoryi (south-central United States)[12] was declared extinct in the wild by 1970. Canis rufus rufus, the third surviving subspecies, was extinct in the wild in 1980, although that status was changed to "critically endangered" when 100 wolves were reintroduced in North Carolina. The original range of C. r. rufus was central and coastal Texas and southern Louisiana.[12]

Archaeological evidence has suggested an origin of the Red Wolf line 1–2 Ma, branching from a wolf-coyote ancestor, which itself appeared about 4.9 Ma.[14][15] Between 150 000–300 000 years ago, the North American branch evolved into the Red Wolf, Eastern Wolf and the Coyote.[16] Another wolf-like branch migrated to Eurasia and evolved into the Gray Wolf, which later migrated to North America.[15] Recent research has created debate over the taxonomy of the red wolf, specifically, whether it should be a species or a subspecies within the Gray Wolf.

It is thought that its original distribution included much of eastern North America, where Red Wolves were found from Maine south to Florida and in southcentral US westward to Texas. Records of bounty payments to Wappinger Indians in New York in the middle 18th century confirm its range at least that far north;[17] it's possible that it could have extended as far as extreme eastern Canada.[18] There are thought to be about 300 Red Wolves remaining in the world, with 207 of those in captivity.[19] For decades, the Red Wolf has been indistinguishable genetically from either the Gray Wolf or the Coyote.[2] The Red Wolf breeds with both species and may again be in peril as contact with other species in the wild resumes.[5][20]

Conservation

Disease, aggressive predator control programs and widespread habitat loss due to agriculturalization have combined to bringing the red wolf close to extinction, and it now is considered rare. Like the grey wolf, red wolves were previously considered a threat to livestock. Red wolves were the first species in the U.S. to be successfully reintroduced after extinction in the wild in 1980.[21]

Captive breeding & reintroduction

By the 1970s, the Red Wolf was reduced to a single small population in eastern Texas. Wild canids were captured in eastern Texas to establish a breeding program. 14 animals thought to be pure Red Wolves were selected.[22] The captive breeding program began at Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium in 1970 when the zoo agreed to take in some red wolves for display, and over the next three years 13 individuals were sent there.

In 1976, two wolves were unsuccessfully released onto Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge's Bulls Island. The experiment was tried again in 1978 with a better outcome. After that, a larger project was begun in 1987 to reintroduce Red Wolves back to the wild in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge on the eastern coast of North Carolina. In the same year, Bulls Island became the first island breeding site. Pups were raised on the island and relocated to North Carolina until 2005.[23]

Since 1987, over 100 wolves have been reintroduced and even more have been born into captivity. In 1989, the second island propagation project was initiated with release of a population on Horn Island off the Mississippi coast. This population was removed in 1998 because of a likelihood of encounters with humans. The third island propagation project introduced a population on St. Vincent Island, Florida offshore between Cape San Blas and Apalachicola, Florida in 1990, and in 1997 the fourth island propagation program introduced a population to Cape St. George Island, Florida south of Apalachicola, Florida.

In 1991, two pairs were reintroduced into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where the last known Red Wolf was killed in 1905. Despite some early success, the wolves were relocated to North Carolina in 1998, ending the effort to reintroduce the species to the Park.

Currently, over 30 facilities participate in the red wolf Species Survival Plan and oversee the breeding and reintroduction of over 150 wolves.[24]

Cultural reference

On April 30, 2008, Indiana University East revealed the Red Wolves to be the new mascot for the campus.

On January 1, 2008, Arkansas State University’s Mascot Selection Steering Committee decided to use the Wolves as a mascot. The Red Wolves were officially approved by the university board of trustees on March 7, 2008. The ceremony and unveiling of the new Red Wolves logo was held on March 13, 2008.

On July 1, 1976, the Red Wolf became the official mascot of the United States Navy's premier Naval Special Warfare Support Helicopter Squadron, HAL-4. Today, they are known as HSC-84 and fly the HH-60H Rescue Hawk.

The chorus of the song "Coyotes" (written by Bob McDill, re-popularized by Don Edwards's performance in the documentary Grizzly Man) states that "the red wolf is gone." The line is an allusion to the cowboy's vanishing way of life.

References

1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000773.
2. ^ Kelly BT, Beyer A & Phillips MK (2008). Canis rufus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 2008-10-23. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered.
3. ^ Reich, D.E., R.K. Wayne, and D.B. Goldstein. 1999. Genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. Molecular Ecology 8:139 - 144.
4. ^ Smithsonian National Zoological Park
5. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v351/n6327/abs/351565a0.html
6. ^ Red Wolf Recovery Project from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services
7. ^ a b c d "Red Wolf". canids.org. http://www.canids.org/species/Red_wolf.pdf.
8. ^ Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. p. 222. ISBN 1550593323. http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/.
9. ^ "Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective.". Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2003, Volumen 13, Numerus 1. http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Baltic/Linnell%20AZL%20Wolf%20attacks%20in%20Fennoscandia.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
10. ^ Audubon, John James (1967). The Imperial Collection of Audubon Animals. p. 307. ASIN B000M2FOFM.
11. ^ Koblmuller, S., Nord, M., Wayne, R. K. and J. Leonard. (2009) Origin and Status of the Great Lakes wolf. Molecular Ecology 18 : 2313-2326.
12. ^ a b c d Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of Wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist 1: 95-130
13. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v351/n6327/abs/351565a0.html "The validity of rufus as a full species was questioned by Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), and Lawrence and Bossert (1967, 1975), due to the existence of natural hybrids with lupus and latrans."
14. ^ W. W. Dalquest and G. E. Schultz 1992. Ice Age mammals of northwestern Texas
15. ^ a b B. Kurten and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America 1-442
16. ^ Wilson, P.J., S. Grewal, I.D. Lawford, J.N.M. Heal, A.G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J.B. Theberge, M.T. Theberge, D.R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R.E.Chambers, P.C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B.N. White. 2000. DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:2156 - 2166.
17. ^ J. Michael Smith: The Highland King Nimhammaw and the Native Indian Proprietors of Land in Dutchess County, NY: 1712-1765. Hudson River Valley Review
18. ^ Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park
19. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Red Wolf (Canis rufus) 5-Year Status Review: Summary and Evaluation.
20. ^ Frank Hailer, Jennifer A Leonard (2008) Hybridization Among Three Native North American Canis Species in a Region of Natural Sympatry. PLoS ONE 3(10): e3333.
21. ^ http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1998/3/redwolfrecovery.cfm
22. ^ Phillips & Parker, 1988 cited in Canid News, 1995). Canid News, Vol. 3, 1995 Red Wolves: to Conserve or not to Conserve by Bob Wayne
23. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cape Romain NWR, red wolf web page
24. ^ http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=296