Thalasseus bernsteini

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Lari

Familia: Laridae
Subfamilia: Sterninae
Genus: Thalasseus
Species: Thalasseus bernsteini
Name

Thalasseus bernsteini (Schlegel, 1863)
Synonyms

Sterna bernsteini (protonym)

References

Revue méthodique et critique des Collections deposées dans cet Établissement. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden livr.6 Sternae no.24 9.
IUCN: Thalasseus bernsteini (Critically Endangered)

Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Çin kəkilli susüpürəni
brezhoneg: Skrav Bernstein
català: Xatrac de la Xina
閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄: Háik-cuōi-duăng hông-tàu iéng-ĕu
čeština: Rybák čínský
Cymraeg: Môr-wennol Tsieina
dansk: Kinesisk Topterne
Deutsch: Bernsteinseeschwalbe
English: Chinese Crested Tern
Esperanto: Ĉina krestoŝterno
español: Charrán chino
eesti: Hiina tiir
فارسی: پرستوی دریایی کاکلی چینی
suomi: Filippiinientiira
français: Sterne d'Orient
magyar: Kínai üstököscsér
italiano: Sterna della Cina
日本語: ヒガシシナアジサシ
한국어: 뿔제비갈매기
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Camar Cina Berjambul
Nederlands: Chinese Kuifstern
norsk: Kinaterne
polski: Rybitwa chińska
português: Trinta-réis-chinês-de-crista
русский: Китайская крачка
slovenčina: Rybár strapatý
svenska: Mingtärna
ไทย: นกนางนวลแกลบจีน
українська: Крячок китайський
Tiếng Việt: Nhào mào Trung Quốc
中文: 黑嘴端鳳頭燕鷗

The Chinese crested tern (Thalasseus bernsteini) is a tern in the family Laridae. It is the county bird of Lienchiang County, Fuchien.
Description

It is closely related to the Sandwich tern, T. sandvicensis, and the lesser crested tern, T. bengalensis. It is most similar to the former, differing only in the bill pattern, which is the reverse of the Sandwich tern's, being yellow with a black tip. From the lesser crested tern, which it overlaps in wintering distribution, it can be told by the white rump and paler grey mantle, as well as the black tip to the bill, which seen from up close also has a white point. The larger greater crested tern is also similar, differing in its stouter, all-yellow bill and darker grey mantle and rump, as well as in size.
Distribution and conservation

It is a critically endangered species, and previously thought extinct. Only four pairs were rediscovered in 2000 nesting in a greater crested tern colony on an islet in the Matsu Islands (a territory governed by Taiwan), just off the coast of Fujian Province, China, and wintering south to the Philippines. In the past, it had a wider distribution of the Chinese east coast north to Shandong Province. The decline is thought to be due to past hunting and egg collection for food. This colony may have been protected due to the islands' disputed status (administered by the Taiwanese government but claimed by mainland China), and the military sensitivity of the area, which has restricted access. The islet has now been declared a wildlife sanctuary. It is possible that other small colonies may yet be found off the Chinese and Taiwanese coasts; migrant birds have been seen near the mouth of the Pachang River in southern Taiwan. The total population is speculated to be less than 50 birds.

In 2007 it was estimated that the Chinese crested tern would be extinct in five years if authorities would not protect it. BirdLife International of Cambridge, England, stated that a survey of Chinese experts found that the number of crested terns fell to 50 birds, half the population of 2004. A Chinese survey team led by Chen Shuihua stated that the bird was "on the verge of extinction."[2]

It is currently threatened by illegal egg collection, typhoons, and disturbance of nesting colonies by fishermen. There is also a threat of hybridization with the greater crested tern.[3]

In 2016, for the first time, Chinese crested terns were found breeding in South Korea. Setting up a new colony in such a faraway area would prove a boon for the species.[4]
Philippines

This “bird of legend's” first recorded sighting in the Philippines was in 1886 and then in 1905 (the year Daniel Burnham made the City Beautiful masterplan) in Manila Bay. In 1937 it came back, again spotted in March 2018, and along the coastal wetlands of Panabo, Davao del Norte in November 2019 with other migratory birds. It was found along the shores of Lingayen Gulf on August, 2021 with other rare visitors in the area including the Aleutian tern (Onychoprion aleuticus), Greater scaup (Aythya marila), and Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) and Slaty-backed gull (Larus schistisagus).[5][6]

Three birds were spotted at the mouth of Davao River in 2022 during the Annual Asian Waterfowl Census for migratory birds.[7]

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines) said at least 3 birds were seen in Panabo City and Carmen, Davao del Norte and in Bucana, Talomo District, Davao City with other migratory birds such as Eurasian curlew and Far Eastern curlew on January, 2023.[8] The 'Bulacan bird' was spotted on December, 2023 along the sandbar that straddles the boundary between Santa Cruz, Paombong, and Pamarawan Island in Malolos (northwest of New Manila International Airport).[9]
References

Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005): A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 459–469. PDF fulltext

BirdLife International (2018). "Thalasseus bernsteini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694585A131118818. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694585A131118818.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Chinese seabird on verge of extinction
Yang, J.; Chen, G.; Yuan, L.; Huang, Q.; Fan, Z.; Lu, Y.; Lui, Y.; Chen, S. (2018). "Genetic evidence of hybridization of the world's most endangered tern, the Chinese Crested Tern Thalasseus bernsteini". Ibis. 160 (4): 900–906. doi:10.1111/ibi.12616. S2CID 90714317.
International, BirdLife. "A tern for the better | BirdLife". www.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Limos, Mariano (August 23, 2021). "Extremely rare bird sighted in Pangasinan". Esquire.
Hutchington, Robert (August 23, 2021). "Endangered bird spotted in Pangasinan". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Colina, Antonio (January 26, 2023). "3 Chinese "Birds of Legend" seen in Davao Region". MindaNews.
Mangaluz, Jean (January 16, 2024). "Rare 'birds of legend' spotted in Davao region". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Gozum, Iya (January 29, 2024). "More than 100 years after first sighting in Manila Bay, rare bird reappears". Rappler.