Taenioptynx brodiei

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Strigiformes

Familia: Strigidae
Subfamilia: Surniinae
Genus: Taenioptynx
Species: Taenioptynx brodiei
Subspecies: T. b. brodiei – T. b. pardalotum
Name

Taenioptynx brodiei (Burton, 1836)
Synonymy

Noctua brodiei (protonym)
Glaucidium brodiei (Burton, 1836)

References
Primary references

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: p. 152 BHL.

Additional references

Salter, J.F., Oliveros, C.H., Hosner, P.A., Manthey, J.D., Robbins, M.B., Moyle, R.G., Brumfield, R.T. & Faircloth, B.C. 2019. Extensive paraphyly in the typical owl family (Strigidae). The Auk. 137 (ukz070). DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukz070 Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
български: Огърличеста кукумявка
català: Mussolet de collar
čeština: Kulíšek límcový
Cymraeg: Cordylluan dorchog
Deutsch: Wachtel-Sperlingskauz
English: Collared Owlet
español: Mochuelo acollarado
suomi: Kaulusvarpuspöllö
français: Chevêchette à collier
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Hantu Kecil
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ဇီးကွက်လေး
नेपाली: सानो डुन्डुल
Nederlands: Gekraagde dwerguil
norsk: Janusugle
polski: Sóweczka obrożna
русский: Ошейниковый воробьиный сыч
slovenčina: Kuvičok obojkový
svenska: Orientsparvuggla
ไทย: นกเค้าแคระ
Tiếng Việt: Cú vọ mặt trắng
中文: 領鵂鶹

The collared owlet (Taenioptynx brodiei), also known as the collared pygmy owl,[3] is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. Its natural habitat is submontane and montane forests with open spaces[4] and is distributed throughout oriental Asia.[5] It is the smallest owl in Asia, at 15 cm (5.9 in) and 60 g (2.1 oz).[4][6]
Taxonomy

The collared owlet was first described in 1836 as Noctua brodiei by the English zoologist Edward Burton.[7] It was moved to the genus Glaucidium based on a comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences and proved to be closely related to the jungle owlet (Glaucidium radiatum) and the Asian barred owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides).[8]

Two subspecies are recognised:[9]

T. b. brodiei (Burton, 1836) – Himalayas to south China south through Indochina and the Malay Peninsula
T. b. pardalotus (Swinhoe, 1863) – Taiwan

The Sunda owlet (Taenioptynx sylvaticum) was formerly treated as a subspecies of the collared owlet. It was promoted to species status based on the results of a vocalisation study published in 2019.[9][10]
Description

The collared owlet, being Asia's smallest owl species, measures between 15 and 17 cm.[6] Females are generally larger than the males, weighing approximately 63 g, whereas males weigh in at 52 g.[4]

This bird has a grey-brown colour (depending on age-morph) and has a barred back and flanks, while the head is more spotted than barred.[11] They have prominent white eyebrows, vibrant lemon-yellow-coloured eyes and a white throat patch.[12] The chin, center of the breast and belly are mostly white.[6] The pale collar and the two black spots on each side of the nape imitate eye spots and make it seem like the owl is staring at you from behind. This is known as the "occipital face". It has a greyish-brown pale-spotted pectoral band on upper breast and lacks ear-tufts.[4] You can see its tail when in flight, longer than most pygmy owls, and has rapid wingbeats.[6]
Colour morphs

Collared owlets transition through various age-dependent colour morphs. A capture-recapture study of collared owlets in Taiwan provided evidence of this. On the first capture, the individual was 56 days old and showed fledgling colour morph stage; having less spots and barring on the back and top of the head and not having a completely formed occipital. On the second recapture, the individual was captured 165 days after hatching and demonstrated a rufous morph; having an overall orange-red colour, barred back, spots on the head and a formed occipital. On the third recapture, the individual was 394 days old and was in its final grey morph.[5]
Vocalizations

The collared owlet has very unusual but distinctive vocalizations. The male produces a 4-note phrase "wüp-wüwü-wüp" repeated at intervals of a few seconds, sometimes having incomplete phrases ending in "wüwü".[4] Their call starts mellow and becomes shriller with excitement[13] while turning their head in all directions, creating a ventriloquial effect and making it hard to locate the bird.[4]
Distribution and habitat

The collared owlet is a resident bird in its range.
Distribution
Collared owlet in Phia Oac National Park, Cao Bang, Vietnam
Collared owlet

The collared owlet has a very large range occurring in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan all the way to eastern China and Taiwan. Its range extends southwards through Malaysia.[4][3] This bird can be found in the following countries: Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand and Viet Nam.[14]
Habitat

Their preferred habitat varies from evergreen forests, forest edges,[6] mixed deciduous-evergreen forests with oak, rhododendron and fir[15] and open woodlands with scrub.[3] They can be found in submontane and montane habitats varying between 1350–2750 meters in altitude, but they have also been seen near cultivated lands as low as 700 meters in altitude.[4]

Species in the genus Taenioptynx are secondary cavity-nesters. This small owl does not create its own nest, but rather nests in natural tree hollows or chambers created by woodpeckers and barbets.[16]
Collared Owlet
Behaviour and ecology

The collared owlet is most active during daylight. Being diurnal, this bird can be seen perching, hunting and calling during most parts of the day, and sometimes during the night.[15] It is often mobbed by other small birds when roosting.[6]
Breeding

Although not much is known about the reproductive methods of the collared owlet, it is believed that the mating couple only remains together during the period of breeding season, which is from March to April.[6]

As mentioned previously, they nest in natural tree hollows or holes created by woodpeckers or barbets, which are often very rotten and found high in tree trunks that are in a clearing or in an open area in the forest.[4] Clutch size varies from 3 to 5 eggs, which are round and white.[4] The eggs are laid between late April and mid-June and their young are fledged from mid-June to early August.[5]
Food and feeding

Few studies have precisely identified the exact diet of the collared owlet, but we can presume that it is similar to the diet of its closest relative, the jungle owlet. The jungle owlet is seen to prey on small mammals such as house mice, little Indian field mice, brown spiny mice and white-toothed pygmy shrews; reptiles such as skinks; birds; amphibians and many invertebrates.[17] Therefore, the diet of the collared owlet consists mainly of small birds, insect, lizards, invertebrates and small mammals.[3] Although small in size, this raptor is extremely fierce and has been seen to capture prey as large as itself. Once their prey is captured, it is brought to a perch by its talons and torn up with upward pulls of the bill.[4]
Status

Although the collared owlet is at least concern on the IUCN Red list,[14] its main threat is habitat loss. In a study examining the effects of fragmentation on nocturnal birds in Asia, collared owlets were never found in forest fragments smaller than 100 hectares.[18] The authors concluded that anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation can affect even small species such as the collared owlet.
References

BirdLife International (2012). "Glaucidium brodiei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Mikkola, Heimo (2012). Owls of the World: A Photographic Guide. United States: Firefly Books. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-77085-136-8.
König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm (2008). Owls of the World (Second ed.). London: Christopher Helm. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0-7136-6548-2.
Lin, Wen-Loung; Lin, Si-Min; Tseng, Hui-Yun (2014-07-26). "Colour Morphs in the Collared Pygmy OwlGlaucidium brodieiare Age-Related, not a Polymorphism". Ardea. 102 (1): 95–99. doi:10.5253/078.102.0115. ISSN 0373-2266. S2CID 73687790.
Taylor, Marianne (2012). Owls. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4081-5553-0.
Burton, Edward (1836). "Noctua Brodiei". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 3 (34): 152.
Sun, Xiaonan; Zhou, Wenliang; Sun, Zhonglou; Qian, Lifu; Zhang, Yanan; Pan, Tao; Zhang, Baowei (2015). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Glaucidium brodiei (Strigiformes: Strigidae)". Mitochondrial DNA. 27 (4): 2508–2509. doi:10.3109/19401736.2015.1036252. PMID 26075474. S2CID 19056312.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
Gwee, C.Y.; Eaton, J.A.; Ng, E.Y.X.; Rheindt, F.E. (2019). "Species delimitation within the Glaucidium brodiei owlet complex using bioacoustic tools". Avian Research. 10 (36). doi:10.1186/s40657-019-0175-4.
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2012). Birds of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives (Second ed.). United States: Princeton University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-691-15349-0.
König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (1999). Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World. United States: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07920-3.
Taylor, Marianne (2016). Brazier, Hugh (ed.). Owls: A Guide to Every Species in the World. United States: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-06-241388-8.
BirdLife International (2016). "Glaucidium brodiei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689200A93222388. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689200A93222388.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Burton, John A., ed. (1992). Owls of the World: their evolution, structure and ecology (Third ed.). England: Peter Lowe. ISBN 978-0-85654-657-0.
Alderton, David (2012). The complete illustrated encyclopedia of birds of the world. Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. pp. 398. ISBN 978-0-7548-2166-3.
Mehta, Prachi; Kulkarni, Jayant; Talmale, Shyamakant; Chandarana, Ridhi (September 2018). "Diets of Sympatric Forest Owlets, Spotted Owlets, and Jungle Owlets in East Kalibhit Forests, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Raptor Research. 52 (3): 338–348. doi:10.3356/jrr-17-00002.1. ISSN 0892-1016. S2CID 91253803.
k.Dayananda, Salindra; Goodale, Eben; Lee, Myung-bok; Liu, Jia-Jia; Mammides, Christos; o.Pasion, Bonifacio; Quan, Rui-Chang; Slik, J.W.Ferry; Sreekar, Rachakonda; w.Tomlinson, Kyle; Yasuda, Mika (2016). "Effects of forest fragmentation on nocturnal Asian birds: A case study from Xishuangbanna, China - 中国学术期刊网络出版总库". Zoological Research. 37 (3 vo 37): 151–158. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.3.151. PMC 4914578. PMID 27265653.