Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Piciformes
Familia: Ramphastidae
Genus: Pteroglossus
Species: P. aracari – P. azara – P. bailloni – P. beauharnaesii – P. bitorquatus – P. castanotis – P. erythropygius – P. frantzii – P. inscriptus – P. mariae – P. pluricinctus – P. sanguineus – P. torquatus – P. viridis
Name
Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811
Typus: Ramphastos aracari Linnaeus, 1758, = Pteroglossus aracari
Synonyms
Baillonius Cassin, 1868
References
Primary references
Illiger, J.K.W. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione germanica. C. Salfield: Berolini. xviii + 302 pp. BHL Reference page. p. 202 BHL.
Vernacular names
العربية: أركاري
català: Araçarí
Deutsch: Schwarzarassaris
English: Aracari
Esperanto: Arasarioj
español: Arasarí
فارسی: پرزبان
français: Araçari
magyar: Arasszári
italiano: Aracari
ქართული: არასარი
кыргызча: Арасарилер
кырык мары: Арасари
Nederlands: Arassari
português: Araçari
Runa Simi: Kuyllin
русский: Арасари
svenska: Araçarier
Türkçe: Arasari
українська: Аракарі
An aracari or araçari (US: /ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri/ AR-ə-SAR-ee,[1] UK: /ˌærəˈsɑːri/ ARR-ə-SAR-ee, /-ˈkɑːri/ -KAR-ee)[2] is any of the medium-sized toucans that, together with the saffron toucanet, make up the genus Pteroglossus.
They are brightly plumaged and have enormous, contrastingly patterned bills. These birds are residents in forests and woodlands in the Neotropics.
Taxonomy
The genus Pteroglossus was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[3] The name combines the Ancient Greek pteron meaning "feather" with glōssa meaning "tongue".[4] George Robert Gray designated the black-necked aracari as the type species of the genus in 1840.[5][6]
The name "Aracari" was used in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave for the black-necked aracari in his book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.[7] The name comes from the word Arassari, the name of the bird in the Tupi language.[8]
One species, the distinctive saffron toucanet, was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Baillonius, but Renato Kimura and collaborators showed in 2004 that it belongs in the genus Pteroglossus.[9][10]
A 2010 molecular phylogenetic study by Swati Patel and collaborators found that the brown-mandibled aracari was nested with the subspecies of the ivory-billed aracari:[11]
| Pteroglossus |
|
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Extant species
Fourteen species are considered to belong to the genus Pteroglossus:[12]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Pteroglossus viridis | Green aracari | lowland forests of northeastern South America (the Guiana Shield), in the northeast Amazon Basin, the Guianas and the eastern Orinoco River drainage of Venezuela |
 |
Pteroglossus inscriptus | Lettered aracari | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru |
 |
Pteroglossus bitorquatus | Red-necked aracari | Bolivia and Brazil |
 |
Pteroglossus azara | Ivory-billed aracari | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela |
 |
Pteroglossus mariae | Brown-mandibled aracari | Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru |
 |
Pteroglossus aracari | Black-necked aracari | Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela |
 |
Pteroglossus castanotis | Chestnut-eared aracari | Amazon Basin, Paraguay, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and the extreme northeast of Argentina |
 |
Pteroglossus pluricinctus | Many-banded aracari | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela |
 |
Pteroglossus torquatus | Collared aracari | southern Mexico to Panama; also Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica |
 |
Pteroglossus sanguineus | Stripe-billed aracari | Colombia and Ecuador |
 |
Pteroglossus erythropygius | Pale-mandibled aracari | Ecuador and Peru |
 |
Pteroglossus frantzii | Fiery-billed aracari | southern Costa Rica and western Panama |
 |
Pteroglossus beauharnaisii | Curl-crested aracari | Amazon Basin |
 |
Pteroglossus bailloni | Saffron toucanet | Brazil |
Former species
Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize additional species or subspecies as species belonging to the genus Pteroglossus including:
Wagler's toucanet (as Pteroglossus wagleri)[13]
Emerald toucanet (as Pteroglossus prasinus)[14]
White-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus albivitta)[15]
Black-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus atrogularis)[16]
Groove-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus sulcatus)[17]
Crimson-rumped toucanet (as Pteroglossus haematopygus)[18]
Guianan toucanet (as Pteroglossus Culik)[19]
Golden-collared toucanet (as Pteroglossus reinwardtii)[20]
Langsdorff's toucanet (as Pteroglossus langsdorffii)[21]
Tawny-tufted toucanet (as Pteroglossus nattereri)[22]
Gould's toucanet (as Pteroglossus gouldii)[23]
Spot-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus maculirostris)[24]
Gray-breasted mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus hypoglaucus)[25]
Hooded mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus cucullatus)[26]
Black-billed mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus nigrirostris)[27]
Behaviour and ecology
Some species of aracaris are unusual for toucans in that they roost socially throughout the year, up to six adults and fledged young sleeping in the same hole with tails folded over their backs.
Breeding
They are arboreal and nest in tree holes laying 2–4 white eggs.
Food and feeding
All the species are basically fruit-eating, but will take insects and other small prey.
Threats
The ischnoceran louse Austrophilopterus flavirostris is suspected to parasitize most if not all species of aracaris, with the possible exception of the green aracari (Price & Weckstein 2005).
References
"Aracari". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.). Retrieved 2012-04-20.
"Definition for aracari". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 202.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 50.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 74.
Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 217.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Kimura, R.K.; Pereira, S.L.; Grau, E.T.; Höfling, E.; Wajntal, A. (2004). "Genetic distances and phylogenetic analysis suggest that Baillonius Cassin, 1867 is a Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 (Piciformes: Ramphastidae)". Ornitologia Neotropical. 15: 527–537.
Remsen, J.V. Jr (2004). "Proposal 151: Merge Baillonius into Pteroglossus". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
Patel, S.; Weckstein, J.D.; Patané, J.S.L.; Bates, J.M.; Aleixo, A. (2011). "Temporal and spatial diversification of Pteroglossus araçaris (AVES: Ramphastidae) in the neotropics: Constant rate of diversification does not support an increase in radiation during the Pleistocene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.016.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
"Aulacorhynchus wagleri - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
"Aulacorhynchus prasinus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
"Aulacorhynchus albivitta - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
"Aulacorhynchus atrogularis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
"Aulacorhynchus sulcatus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
"Aulacorhynchus haematopygus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
"Selenidera piperivora - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Selenidera reinwardtii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Selenidera reinwardtii langsdorffii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Selenidera nattereri - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Selenidera gouldii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Selenidera maculirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Andigena hypoglauca - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
"Andigena cucullata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
"Andigena nigrirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2005): The genus Austrophilopterus Ewing (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (Piciformes: Ramphastidae). Zootaxa 918: 1–18. PDF fulltext
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