Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Apodiformes
Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Polytmus
Species: Polytmus theresiae
Subspecies: P. t. leucorrhous – P. t. theresiae
Name
Polytmus theresiae (Da Silva Maia, 1843)
Type locality: Pará, Brazil.
Synonymy
Ornismya theresiae (protonym)
Smaragdites theresiae
References
Minerva Braziliense; jornal de sciencias, lettras e artes, publicado por huma associacao de litteratos. 1 p. 2
Vernacular names
English: Green-tailed Goldenthroat
español: Colibrí de Teresa
français: Colibri tout-vert
Nederlands: Groenstaartgoudkeelkolibrie
português: Beija-flor-verde
The green-tailed goldenthroat (Polytmus theresiae) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae, the mangoes. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela, and possibly Ecuador.[3][4][5]
Taxonomy and systematics
The green-tailed goldenthroat was at one time placed in the monotypic genus Psilomycter, then in Smaragdites which had priority; the latter was later merged into Polytmus. The green-tailed goldenthroat has two subspecies, the nominate P. t. theresiae and P. t. leucorrhous.[6][3]
Description
The green-tailed goldenthroat is 8.9 to 9.9 cm (3.5 to 3.9 in) long and weighs 3.0 to 3.9 g (0.11 to 0.14 oz). Both sexes of both subspecies have a long slightly decurved pinkish and black bill. The male of the nominate subspecies is overall shining green. The tail is rounded and green, with all but the central pair of feathers having white at their base. The area around the eye is dusky gray with a white spot behind the eye. The female is smaller. Its throat and breast are whitish thickly spotted with green, and the outermost tail feathers have white tips. Juveniles are like the adult female but with buffy edges to the head's feathers. P. t. leucorrhous is essentially the same as the nominate but for having a white vent area and undertail coverts.[7]
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of green-tailed goldenthroat is found in the Guianas and north-central Brazil from the lower Negro and Madeira rivers east into the states of Pará and Amapá. P. t. leucorrhous is found from eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela into the upper Negro River area of Brazil, and separately in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.[3][7] In addition, the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society lists it as hypothetical in Ecuador.[5] The species inhabits the edges of sand-soil forest and sandy savanna with scattered small trees and stands of bushes. In elevation it generally ranges between 100 and 300 m (330 and 980 ft).
Behavior
Movement
The green-tailed goldenthroat is essentially sedentary. However, some January and February movement into coastal mangroves has been noted in Suriname.[7]
Feeding
The green-tailed goldenthroat is primarily a "trap-line" feeder, visiting a circuit of a flowering plants, mostly Melastomataceae, for nectar. The male will sometimes defend a feeding territory. Both sexes also catch arthropods on the wing and by gleaning from leaves.[7]
Breeding
The green-tailed goldenthroat's breeding seasons vary across its range, from March, April, and August to October in the Guianas, October and November in Venezuela, and November to March in Brazil. The female alone builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and cares for the young. The nest is a cup of fine plant fibers and spider silk built in a fork of a low shrub. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation time is 14 days with fledging 20 to sometimes as long as 28 days after hatch.[7]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to green-tailed goldenthroat on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The green-tailed goldenthroat's song is "a repeated, long whinnying series of 20–25 notes, first rising then slightly falling, and fading at the end, typically with a single introductory note". The isolated Peruvian population has a similar but faster song with trills. The species also makes "single 'tsit' notes."[7]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the green-tailed goldenthroat as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are unknown.[1] It is common to locally abundant in the northern part of its range.[7]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Green-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus theresiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687488A93154490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687488A93154490.en. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
Schuchmann, K.L., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Green-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus theresiae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grtgol1.01 retrieved December 16, 2021
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