Picumnus castelnau

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Piciformes

Familia: Picidae
Subfamilia: Picumninae
Genus: Picumnus
Species: Picumnus castelnau
Name

Picumnus castelnau Malherbe, 1862

Type locality: South America, Sarayaku
References
Primary references

Malherbe, H. 1862. Monographie des picidées, ou Histoire naturelle des picidés, picumninés, yuncinés ou torcols, vol. 2. Metz, France: Jules Verronnais: 325 pp. BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.60797 Reference page. p. 281
Malherbe, H. 1862. Monographie des picidées, ou Histoire naturelle des picidés, picumninés, yuncinés ou torcols, vol. 4. Metz & Jules Verronnais: pl. LXI–CXXI. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.60797 BHL Reference page. pl. CXVII, figs. 1 & 2

Vernacular names
English: Plain-breasted Piculet
suomi: Napontikkanen
français: Picumne de Castelnau

The plain-breasted piculet (Picumnus castelnau) is a species of bird in subfamily Picumninae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in the Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics

The plain-breasted piculet is monotypic.[2] Its position within genus Picumnus is not positively known, but some authors consider it and the fine-barred piculet (P. subtilis) to be sister species and they might hybridize.[3]
Description

The plain-breasted piculet is 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 in) long and weighs about 11 to 12 g (0.39 to 0.42 oz). Adult males have a black crown with red tips on the feathers. The sides of their crown and their nape are whitish with faint black speckles or bars. Their face is mostly light brown with some gray and whitish vermiculation. Their upperparts are grayish olive. Their flight feathers are brown with greenish yellow edges on the secondaries. Their tail is black; the innermost pair and outer three pairs of feathers have white inner webs. Their underparts are unmarked dull yellowish white. Their iris is brown, the beak black with a blue-gray base to the mandible, and the legs greenish yellow to bluish gray. Adult females are identical but with an entirely black crown. Juveniles are duller than adults and have faint barring on the upper- and underparts.[4]
Distribution and habitat

The plain-breasted piculet is found along the Ucayali and upper Amazon rivers. Most of its range is in Peru but it extends very slightly through extreme southeastern Colombia into extreme western Brazil. It mostly inhabits forest on river islands and the river banks, but also occurs in nearby secondary forest and occasionally in vegetation on the edges of pastures and gardens. It is most common in the canopy of young Cecropia, Cassia, and Mimosa trees on islands. In elevation it occurs as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[4][5]
Behavior
Feeding

The plain-breasted piculet forages for its diet of small insects on slender branches and stems, usually about 6 to 15 m (20 to 49 ft) above the ground but sometimes lower along forest edges. It hops along and among the branches, picking, tapping, and probing for its prey. It is typically seen singly, in pairs, or in groups of up to four individuals that are thought to be families. It also sometimes joins mixed species foraging flocks.[4][5]
Breeding

The plain-breasted piculet's breeding season appears to include at least from May to July.[6] It is assumed to nest in small cavities like other piculets, but essentially nothing is known about its breeding biology.[4]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to plain-breasted piculet on xeno-canto
Vocal and non-vocal sounds

The plain-breasted piculet's song is "a high-pitched, rapid, falling trill: tree'e'e'e'e'e'e." It makes soft tapping sounds while foraging.[4]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the plain-breasted piculet as being of Least Concern, though its population size is unknown and believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is thought to be "fairly common", and "can occupy woody second growth...and so may be able to tolerate moderate levels of habitat disturbance."[4]
References

BirdLife International (2018). "Plain-breasted Piculet Picumnus castelnau". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680768A130028768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680768A130028768.en. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Schulenberg, T. S. and H. Batcheller (2020). Plain-breasted Piculet (Picumnus castelnau), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.plbpic1.01 retrieved January 16, 2023
Gorman, Gerard (2014). Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide. Firefly Books. p. 82. ISBN 177085309X.
Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. (2010). Woodpeckers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4081-3504-4.