Phoeniculus purpureus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Bucerotiformes

Familia: Phoeniculidae
Genus: Phoeniculus
Species: Phoeniculus purpureus
Subspecies: P. p. angolensis – P. p. guineensis – P. p. marwitzi – P. p. niloticus – P. p. purpureus – P. p. senegalensis
Name

Phoeniculus purpureus (J.F. Miller, 1784)
References

Miller, J.F. 1784. Icones animalium et plantarum 9: pl.52, BHL.
IUCN: Phoeniculus purpureus (Least Concern)

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Rooibekkakelaar
български: Червеноклюн дървесен папуняк
català: Puput dels arbres verda
čeština: Dudkovec stromový
Deutsch: Baumhopf
English: Green Wood Hoopoe
español: Abubilla arbórea verde
français: Irrisor moqueur
magyar: Piroscsőrű kúszóbanka
Nederlands: Groene kakelaar
polski: Sierpodudek purpurowy
português: Zombeteiro-de-bico-vermelho
русский: Зелёный лесной удод
svenska: grön skratthärfågel
Türkçe: Yeşil orman ibibiği

The green wood hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus) is a large, up to 44 cm (17 in) long tropical bird native to Africa. It is a member of the family Phoeniculidae, the wood hoopoes, and was formerly known as the red-billed wood hoopoe.
Taxonomy

In 1784 the English illustrator John Frederick Miller included a hand-coloured plate of the green wood hoopoe in his Icones animalium et plantarum. He coined the binomial name Promerops purpureus and mistakenly specified the type locality as eastern India.[2] The green wood hoopoe is now one of five species placed in the genus Phoeniculus that was introduced in 1821 by the Polish zoologist Feliks Paweł Jarocki.[3]

Six subspecies are recognised:[3]

P. p. senegalensis (Vieillot, 1822) – south Senegal to south Ghana
P. p. guineensis (Reichenow, 1902) – north Senegal and Gambia to Chad and Central African Republic
P. p. niloticus (Neumann, 1903) – Sudan to west Ethiopia and northeast DR Congo
P. p. marwitzi (Reichenow, 1906) – east Uganda and Kenya to east South Africa
P. p. angolensis (Reichenow, 1902) – Angola and west Zambia to northeast Namibia and north Botswana
P. p. purpureus (Miller, JF, 1784) – central, southwest South Africa

The green wood hoopoe is sometimes considered as conspecific with the black-billed wood hoopoe (Phoeniculus somaliensis) and the violet wood hoopoe (Phoeniculus damarensis).[4][5][6]
Description

This abundant species is a metallic dark green, with a purple back and very long diamond-shaped purple tail. Distinctive white markings on the wings and white chevrons on the tail edges make it easily identifiable, as does its long, thin, curved red bill. Sexes are similar, but immatures have a black bill.

It advertises its presence with its loud kuk-uk-uk-uk-uk call and other vocalisations.
Behaviour and ecology
Food and foraging

The green wood hoopoe is an insect-eating species. It feeds mainly on the ground, at termite mounds, or on tree trunks, and forms flocks outside the breeding season. Its specialised claws enable it to cling easily to the underside of branches while closely inspecting the bark for insects.
Breeding

The green wood hoopoe is a cooperative breeder and common resident in the forests, woodlands and suburban gardens of most of sub-Saharan Africa. It is found in groups of up to a dozen or so birds with only one breeding pair. The breeding female lays two to four blue eggs in a natural tree hole or old barbet nest and incubates them for about 18 days. On hatching, she and the nestlings are fed by the rest of the group, even after they have fledged and left the nest hole. The group is fearless in defence of the nestlings against intruders. This species is parasitised by the greater and lesser honeyguide.[7]
Status

Widespread and common throughout its large range, the green wood hoopoe is assessed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Phoeniculus purpureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682667A92955567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682667A92955567.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Miller, John Frederick (1784). Icones animalium et plantarum. Various subjects of Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals and many curious Plants, &c (in Latin). Vol. 1. London. Part 9, Plate 52. The work was published in 10 parts with 6 plates in each part. See: Sherborn, C.D.; Iredale, T. (1921). "J. F. Miller's Icones". Ibis. 11th series. 3 (2): 302–309. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1921.tb00801.x.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Ligon, J.D. (2001). "Family Phoeniculidae (Woodhoopoes)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 412–435 [429]. ISBN 978-84-87334-30-6.
Cooper, M.I.; Cunningham, M.; Cherry, M.I. (2001). "Taxonomic status of the Namibian violet woodhoopoe Phoeniculus damarensis as determined by mitochondrial DNA". Ibis. 143 (3): 572–579. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04884.x.
Cunningham, Michael; Cherry, Michael I. (2005). "Seeing the woodhoopoe for the trees: a response to Simmons et al. (2005)". Ibis. 147 (1): 225–227. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00397.x.

Roberts Bird Guide (2007)

Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley, ISBN 1-873403-32-1