Perdix perdix

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes

Familia: Phasianidae
Subfamilia: Perdicinae
Genus: Perdix
Species: Perdix perdix
Subspecies: P. p. armoricana – P. p. canescens – P. p. hispaniensis – P. p. lucida – P. p. perdix – P. p. robusta – P. p. sphagnetorum

Subspecies extincta: P. p. italica
Name

Perdix perdix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy

Tetrao perdix (protonym)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 160 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
aragonés: Perdiz charra
العربية: حجل رمادي
asturianu: Pardiña
Atikamekw: Pirew
azərbaycanca: Boz kəklik
Boarisch: Reebhendel
žemaitėška: Korapka
беларуская: Шэрая курапатка
български: Яребица
བོད་ཡིག: སྲེག་ཆུང་།
brezhoneg: Klujar c'hris
català: Perdiu xerra
کوردی: زڕەکەو
kaszëbsczi: Kùropatka
čeština: Koroptev polní
чӑвашла: Сăрă хир чăххи
Cymraeg: Petrisen
dansk: Agerhøne
Deutsch: Rebhuhn
dolnoserbski: Kurwota
Ελληνικά: πέρδικα
English: Grey Partridge
Esperanto: Griza perdriko
español: Perdiz pardilla
eesti: Nurmkana
euskara: Eper gris
فارسی: کبک خاکستری
suomi: Peltopyy
føroyskt: Akurhøna
Nordfriisk: Ääkerhenk
français: Perdrix grise
furlan: Pernîs
Frysk: Patriis
Gaeilge: Cearc ghearr
Gàidhlig: Cearc-Thomain
galego: Charrela
Gaelg: Kiark Rennee
עברית: חוגלית אפורה
hrvatski: Skvržulja
hornjoserbsce: Kurotwa
magyar: Fogoly
հայերեն: Մոխրագույն կաքավ
Ido: Perdriko
íslenska: Akurhæna
italiano: Starna
日本語: ヨーロッパヤマウズラ
ქართული: გნოლი
қазақша: Сұр шіл
한국어: 유럽자고새
कॉशुर / کٲشُر: Chakor
kurdî: Çîr
Ladino: Gialina da mont
lietuvių: Kurapka
latviešu: Laukirbe
македонски: еребица
മലയാളം: ഗ്രേ പാർഡ്രിഡ്ജ്
монгол: Бор ятуу
Malti: ħaġla
эрзянь: Пакся пово
Nedersaksies: Petrieze
Nederlands: Patrijs
norsk nynorsk: Rapphøne
norsk: Rapphøne
occitan: Perditz
polski: Kuropatwa zwyczajna
português: Perdiz-cinzenta
rumantsch: Pernisch grischa
română: Potârniche
русский: Серая куропатка
sardu: Istarna
davvisámegiella: Bealdobakku
slovenčina: Jarabica poľná
slovenščina: Jerebica
shqip: Thëllëza e fushës
српски / srpski: Јаребица
Seeltersk: Petrieshanne
svenska: Rapphöna
Türkmençe: Çil keklik
Tagalog: Pugong labuyo
Türkçe: Çil keklik
татарча / tatarça: Соры көртлек
українська: Куріпка сіра
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Chil
vepsän kel’: Pöudpü
Tiếng Việt: Gà so xám
West-Vlams: Patryze
中文: 灰山鹑

The grey partridge (Perdix perdix), also known as the grey-legged partridge,[2] English partridge, Hungarian partridge, or hun, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. The scientific name is the Latin for "partridge", and is itself derived from Ancient Greek perdix.[3]
Description
Uncommon grey partridge in Alberta, Canada[4]
Grey partridge on 1957 postage stamp of the Soviet Union
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

The grey partridge is a rotund bird, brown-backed, with grey flanks and chest. The belly is white, usually marked with a large chestnut-brown horse-shoe mark in males, and also in many females. Hens lay up to twenty eggs in a ground nest. The nest is usually in the margin of a cereal field, most commonly winter wheat.

Measurements:[5]

Length: 11.8–13.0 in (30–33 cm)
Weight: 13.6–17.6 oz (390–500 g)
Wingspan: 20.9–22.1 in (53–56 cm)

The only major and constant difference between the sexes is the so-called cross of Lorraine on the tertiary coverts of females—these being marked with two transverse bars, as opposed to the one in males. These are present after around 16 weeks of age when the birds have moulted into adult plumage. Young grey partridges are mostly yellow-brown and lack the distinctive face and underpart markings. The song is a harsh, high-pitched kieerr-ik, and when disturbed, like most of the gamebirds, it flies a short distance on rounded wings, often calling rick rick rick as it rises.

They are a seed-eating species, but the young in particular take insects as an essential protein supply. During the first 10 days of life, the young can only digest insects. The parents lead their chicks to the edges of cereal fields, where they can forage for insects.
Distribution

Widespread and common throughout much of its range, the grey partridge is evaluated as "of Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, it has suffered a serious decline in the UK, and in 2015 appeared on the "Birds of Conservation Concern" Red List.[6] This partridge breeds on farmland across most of Europe and across the western Palearctic as far as southwestern Siberia and has been introduced widely into Canada, United States, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[7] A popular gamebird in vast areas of North America, it is commonly known as "Hungarian partridge" or just "hun". They are also a non-migratory terrestrial species, and form flocks in numbers of up to 30 outside of the breeding season.
Status and conservation

Though common and not threatened, it appears to be declining in numbers in some areas of intensive cultivation such as the United Kingdom, probably due to a loss of breeding habitat and insecticides harming insect numbers, an important food source for the species. Their numbers have fallen in these areas by as much as 85% in the last 25 years. Efforts are being made in the United Kingdom by organizations such as the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust to halt this decline by creating conservation headlands.

In 1995, it was nominated a Biodiversity action plan (BAP) species. In Ireland, it is now virtually confined to the Lough Boora reserve in County Offaly where a recent conservation project has succeeded in boosting its numbers to around 900, raising hopes that it may be reintroduced to the rest of Ireland.[8]
Subspecies

There are eight recognized subspecies:

P. p. armoricana (Hartert, 1917) – found locally in France

P. p. canescens (Burturlin, 1906) – southern grey partridge, found from Turkey east to the South Caucasus and northwest Iran

P. p. hispaniensis (Reichenow, 1892): Iberian partridge, found from central Pyrenees to northeast Portugal

Perdix perdix hispaniensis - MHNT

P. p. italica (Hartert, 1917) – Italian grey partridge, supposedly extinct, now reintroduced[9]

P. p. lucida (Altum, 1894) – eastern grey partridge, found from Finland east to Ural Mountains and south to Black Sea and northern Caucasus

P. p. perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) – nominate, found in the British Isles and southern Scandinavia to Italy and the Balkans

P. p. robusta (Homeyer and Tancré, 1883) – southeastern grey partridge, found from the Ural Mountains to southwestern Siberia and northwestern China

P. p. sphagnetorum (Altum, 1894) – found in the moors of the northern part of the Netherlands and northwest Germany

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Perdix perdix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678911A85929015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678911A85929015.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Hunter Adair (2000). A Guide to the Countryside: Wild Animals and Birds. Abbey Press. ISBN 978-1-902756-04-2. Retrieved 16 November 2021.[permanent dead link]
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Western North America (A Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 122. ISBN 0-679-45121-8.
"Gray Partridge Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
"BoCC4 Red List" (PDF). Birds of Conservation Concern. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493.
Lee, George (5 September 2019). "Grey Partridge population on the increase". RTE. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
"Welcome back Perdix perdix italica!". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Retrieved 2021-12-13.

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