Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes
Subordo: Craci
Familia: Cracidae
Genus: Oreophasis
Species: Oreophasis derbianus
Name
Oreophasis derbianus G.R. Gray, 1844
References
The Genera of Birds 3 p. 485 BHL, pl. 121 BHL.
Links
IUCN: Oreophasis derbianus (Endangered)
Vernacular names
العربية: غوان مقرن
català: Guan banyut
Cymraeg: Gwân corniog
Deutsch: Zapfenguan
English: Horned Guan
Esperanto: Kornomutuo
فارسی: شبخروش شاخدار
français: Oréophase cornu
ગુજરાતી: હોર્નેડ ગુઆન
עברית: הוקו מקורנן
magyar: Pirosszarvú guán
日本語: ツノシャクケイ
ქართული: რქიანი გუანი
Nederlands: Hoorngoean
polski: Jednoróg (ptak)
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Rogati guan
svenska: hornguan
中文: 角冠雉
The horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus) is an endangered species in an ancient group of birds of the family Cracidae, which are related to the Australasian megapodes or mound builders (Megapodiidae). It is found in Mexico, Guatemala, and possibly Honduras.[3][1]
Taxonomy and systematics
The horned guan is not closely related to other guans, but merely resembles these birds in overall shape and color, whereas the horn is more reminiscent of the helmeted curassows. The species is the only survivor of a very ancient lineage of cracids that has been evolving independently from all other living members of this family for at least 20 million years, and possibly as much as 40 million years. Given that the basal relationships of the living cracids are not well resolved, the horned guan is often placed in its own subfamily Oreophasinae. Other taxonomists have placed it in either subfamily Cracinae or Penelopinae.[4][5][6]
The holotype specimen of the horned guan is held in the collections of National Museums Liverpool at World Museum, with accession number NML-VZ D210. The specimen was collected from Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala by Don Joaquin Quinones circa 1843 and came to the Liverpool national collection via the 13th Earl of Derby’s collection which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool.[citation needed]
The horned guan is monotypic.[3]
Description
The horned guan is 75 to 85 cm (30 to 33 in) long. Its most distictive feature is the tall, red, fleshy "horn" on its forehead. It has a small head, long strong legs, and a long broad tail. The sexes are alike in plumage but males have a taller horn and longer wings, tail, and legs than females. Adults have a glossy black head, neck, and upperparts with a bluish sheen. Their tail is black with a wide white band near its base. Their throat, breast, and upper belly are whitish with black flecks and their lower belly and flanks are brown. They have a small red dewlap, a white iris, a yellow bill, and red legs and feet. Juveniles resemble adults but are duller and have a smaller horn.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The horned guan is found in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, possibly in Oaxaca, and in southern Guatemala. Reports from Honduras have not been confirmed. Its distribution is not continuous but highly local. It inhabits humid subtropical montane evergreen forest, cloudforest, and pine-oak forest. Its habitat is characterized by much undergrowth of tree ferns, epiphytes, mosses, and vines. In elevation it mostly ranges between 2,300 and 3,100 m (7,500 and 10,200 ft) but locally occurs as low as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and as high as 3,350 m (11,000 ft).[1][6][7][8][9]
Behavior
Movement
The horned guan is a year-round resident throughout its range.[1]
Feeding
The horned guan feeds mostly on a very wide variety of fruits; green leaves are a significant part of its diet with flowers and possibly insects eaten in small amounts. It forages singly or in small groups at all levels of the forest including the ground. Many seeds pass intact through its system, which suggests that it might be a significant dispersal agent.[6][7][9][10]
Breeding
Most of the information about the horned guan's breeding biology comes from Mexico in a study published in 1995. Its breeding season appears to span at least from January to March. It is believed to be polygynous, with males spending a few days with each of three to five females. Its nest is an oval structure of dry leaves and roots place high in a tree and usually near running water. The clutch size is two eggs. The female incubates the clutch for 34 to 36 days and chicks leave the nest about three to six days after hatch.[6][10]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to horned guan on xeno-canto
Vocalization
Male and female horned guans have very different vocalizations. Males have a repertoire of at least five calls and females have seven or eight. Female's calls are "guttural and louder compared to those of males". The male's main call is "a very deep, slow and soft 'mooing'...comprising seven notes, a single brief hum followed by six paired hums, i.e. 'hum; hum, hummm; hum, hummm; hum, hummmmm' " that can be repeated for an hour. Females usually call in response to males, with a "guurk, guurk, guurk,... or guauuu, guauuu, guauuu".[6][10]
Status
The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the horned guan as Threatened, then in 1994 as Vulnerable, and since 2000 as Endangered. It has a very limited range and its estimated population of 600 to 1700 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. Its range has contracted due to logging, firewood gathering, conversion of forest to agriculture, and subsistence hunting pressure. "The isolation of disjunct subpopulations makes this species especially vulnerable to further local extirpation. Climate change is further expected to exacerbate horned guan population declines by inducing shifts in the species' already restricted range".[1] It does occur in at least one protected area in each of Mexico and Guatemala. However, one of its largest populations is on the unprotected Volcán Tacaná on the border between the two countries.[6]
References
BirdLife International (2020). "Horned Guan Oreophasis derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22678453A177970135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22678453A177970135.en. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Megapodes, guans, guineafowl, New World quail". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Baker, Allan J., & Wajntal, Anita (2002): Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences resolve generic relationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves). Systematic Biology 51(6): 946–958. doi:10.1080/10635150290102519 PMID 12554460 PDF fulltext
Eo Soo Hyung, Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., and Carroll, J.P. (2009). A phylogenetic supertree of the fowls (Galloanserae, Aves). Zool. Scripta. 38(5): 465–481.
del Hoyo, J. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Horned Guan (Oreophasis derbianus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.horgua1.01 retrieved April 7, 2024
Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 114.
del Hoyo, J., and A. Motis (2004). Update chapter. In Curassows and Related Birds (J. Delacour, and D. Amadon), Second edition. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain,and American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. pp. 322–476.
González-García, F., Santana-C., E., Jordano Barbudo, P.D., Rico-Gray, V. and Urios Moliner, V. (2017). Diet and feeding behavior of the Horned Guan (Oreophasis derbianus) in Mexico. Wilson J. Orn.. 129(4): 771–782.
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