Onychoprion anaethetus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Lari
Familia: Laridae
Subfamilia: Sterninae
Genus: Onychoprion
Species: Onychoprion anaethetus
Subspecies: O. a. anaethetus – O. a. antarcticus – O. a. melanopterus – O. a. nelsoni
Name
Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786)
Synonymy
Sterna anaethetus (protonym)
References
Deliciae florae faunae insubricae 2: 92 #72.
Vernacular names
čeština: Rybák uzdičkový
Deutsch: Zügelseeschwalbe
ދިވެހިބަސް: ވާލި
English: Bridled Tern
Esperanto: Bridŝterno
español: Charrán Embridado
suomi: Ohjasnokitiira
français: Sterne bridée
magyar: Álarcos csér
italiano: Sterna dalle redini
日本語: マミジロアジサシ
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Camar Batu
Nederlands: Brilstern
polski: Rybitwa brunatnogrzbieta
پنجابی: برائڈلڈ ٹرن
русский: Бурокрылая крачка
lea faka-Tonga: tala piti
中文: 褐翅燕鸥
The bridled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus)[2][3][4] is a seabird of the family Laridae. It is a bird of the tropical oceans. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus comes from onux meaning "claw" or "nail", and prion, meaning "saw". The specific anaethetus means "senseless, stupid".[5]
Description
This is a medium-sized tern, at 30–32 cm in length and with a 77–81 cm wingspan similar to the common tern in size, but more heavily built. The wings and deeply forked tail are long, and it has dark grey upperparts and white underparts. The forehead and eyebrows are white, as is a striking collar on the hindneck. It has black legs and bill. Juvenile bridled terns are scaly grey above and pale below.
This species is unlikely to be confused with any tern apart from the similarly dark-backed sooty tern and the spectacled tern from the Tropical Pacific. It is paler-backed than that sooty, (but not as pale as the grey-backed) and has a narrower white forehead and a pale neck collar.
Distribution and movements
This bird is migratory and dispersive, wintering more widely through the tropical oceans. It has markedly marine habits compared to most terns. The Atlantic subspecies melanopterus breeds in Mexico, the Caribbean and west Africa; other races occur around the Arabian Peninsula and in Southeast Asia and Australasia, but the exact number of valid subspecies is disputed. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe. These are the four subspecies listed by the IOC:
O. a. melanopterus – (Swainson, 1837): Caribbean and West Africa.
O. a. antarcticus – (Lesson, 1831): Red Sea, Persian Gulf and western Indian Ocean.
O. a. anaethetus – (Scopoli, 1786): eastern Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
O. a. nelsoni – (Ridgway, 1919): west coast of Mexico and Central America.
Breeding
This species breeds in colonies on rocky islands. It nests in a ground scrape or hole and lays one egg. It feeds by plunge-diving for fish in marine environments, but will also pick from the surface like the black tern and the gull-billed tern. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by the Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Onychoprion anaethetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22694730A154676367. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694730A154676367.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1786). Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae. Vol. 2. Ticini: Ex Typographia Reg. & Imp. Monasterii S. Salvatoris. Praesidib. Rei litter. permittentibus. p. 92.
Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W.; Baker, A. J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. Bibcode:2005MolPE..35..459B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID 15804415. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2006.
Sometimes the name is (wrongly?) spelled as S. anaestheta, for instance in: Saunders, Howard (1877). "On the Occurrence of the Smaller Sooty Tern at the Mouth of the Thames". The Zoologist. 3. 1: 213–216.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 46, 282. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
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