Nyctibius griseus

Nyctibius griseus (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Nyctibiiformes

Familia: Nyctibiidae
Genus: Nyctibius
Species: Nyctibius griseus
Subspecies: N. g. griseus – N. g. panamensis
Name

Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin, 1789)

Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana.

Synonyms

Caprimulgus griseus (protonym)

References

Gmelin, J.F. 1789. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, Pars II. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. 501–1032. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 Original description p. 1029 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
čeština: Potu obecný
Deutsch: Urutau-Tagschläfer
English: Common Potoo
español: Urutaú menor
français: Ibijau gris
日本語: ハイイロタチヨタカ
polski: Nocolot szary
português: Urutau-comum
русский: Серый лесной козодой
中文: 普通林鴟

The common potoo, or poor-me-ones (Nyctibius griseus), or urutau is one of seven species of birds within the genus Nyctibius. It is notable for its large, yellow eyes and a wide mouth. Potoos are nocturnal and are related to nightjars and frogmouths. They lack the characteristic bristles around the mouths of true nightjars.[2]
Taxonomy

The common potoo was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the nightjar-like species in the genus Caprimulgus and coined the binomial name Caprimulgus griseus.[3] Gmelin based his description on "L'engoulevent gris" from Cayenne that had been described from a preserved specimen in 1779 by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[4] The common potoo is now one of the seven potoos placed in the genus Nyctibius that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[5][6] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek nuktibios meaning "night-feeding", from nux night and bios "life". The specific epithet griseus is Medieval Latin meaning "grey".[7]

The common potoo was formerly considered to be conspecific with the northern potoo (Nyctibius jamaicensis). The species were split by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1995 based mainly on the differences in vocalization.[8]

Two subspecies are recognised:[6]

N. g. panamensis Ridgway, 1912 – east Nicaragua to west Panama, west Colombia, and west Ecuador
N. g. griseus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – north, central South America east of the Andes

Description

Common potoos are 34–38 cm (13–15 in) long with mottled red-brown, white, black, and grey cryptic plumage.[9] This disruptive coloration allows the potoo to camouflage into branches.[10] The sexes appear similar, and cannot be distinguished upon observation.[11] The eyes can appear as giant black dots with a small yellow ring, or as giant yellow irises with small pupils due to voluntary pupil constriction.[11] The potoo has two or three slits in the eyelid so that it can see when the eyelids are closed; these notches are always open. The upper and lower eyelids can be moved independently and rotated over the eye into the desired position so that the bird may adjust its field of vision.[11] The common potoo has an unusually wide mouth with a tooth in its upper mandible for foraging purposes.[12]

It has a haunting melancholic song, a BO-OU, BO-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou dropping in both pitch and volume. When seized, this bird produces a squeaky sound not unlike that of a crow.[13] This call greatly differs from that of much deeper and more dramatic northern potoo.[14]
Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the common potoo is found in Trinidad and Tobago and every mainland South American country except Chile, though it has been recorded in that country as a vagrant. There it ranges from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean. N. g. panamensis is found from eastern Nicaragua south through Costa Rica and Panama and west of the Andes from northwestern Venezuela through Colombia and Ecuador into northwestern Peru.[6][15][16]

The common potoo is a resident breeder in open woodlands and savannah.[17] It avoids cooler montane regions; it is rarely observed over 1,900 m (6,200 ft) above mean sea level even in the hottest parts of its range. It tends to avoid arid regions but was recorded in the dry Caribbean plain of Colombia in April 1999. It has many populations in the gallery forest-type environment around the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. A bit further south, where the amount of wood-versus grassland is somewhat lower, it is decidedly rare, and due west, in the Entre Ríos Province of Argentina with its abundant riparian forest, it is likewise not common. The birds at the southern end of their range may migrate short distances northwards in winter.[18][19][20]
Behavior and ecology
A common potoo masquerading as a branch
Cryptic behavior

The common potoo seeks to mimic the perch on which it rests, using a technique called masquerading. Adult and juvenile potoos choose perches that are similar in diameter to their own bodies so that they can better blend in with the stump.[21] Most potoos choose stumps and other natural materials on which to rest, but some adults have been spotted perching on human-made items. These birds adjust their perching angle to best mimic the stump where they are.[21]

The potoo sits with its eyes open and its bill horizontal while awake, but if disturbed, assumes an alert "freezing" posture. This entails sticking its beak vertically up in the air, closing its eyelids (through which it can still see via slits), and remaining still.[11] If disturbed by larger animals, such as common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), it may break its camouflage and try to chase the threat away.[22] If disturbed by a human being, its behaviors can be quite variable - quickly flying away, intimidation via beak-opening, or remaining still even when being touched.
Feeding

This nocturnal insectivore hunts from a perch like a shrike or flycatcher. It uses its wide mouth to capture insects such as flies and moths, but also ants, other hymenopterans, termites, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.[9] It has a unique tooth in its upper mandible to assist in foraging but swallows its prey whole.[12]
Breeding

The common potoo chooses a stump 3–15 m (10–50 ft) high to occupy.[23] It normally chooses a branch stump as a nest and adds no sort of decorative or insulative material. It ejects feces from its perch to keep the nest clean.[11] If breeding, the potoo chooses a stump with a small divot where an egg can be laid.[24]
Adult and juvenile common potoos in alert posture

Common potoos are monogamous.[25] After mating, the female lays a single white egg with lilac spots directly into the depression in a tree limb.[26][24] Parents normally care for one egg at a time. The male and female alternate brooding the egg while the other forages for insects. They divide brooding time evenly.[9]

Potoos lay their eggs in December to begin their roughly 51-day nesting period, one of the longest nesting periods for birds their size.[23] Young potoos hatch after about 33 days, using their egg tooth to break free and emerge as downy individuals with pale brown and white stripes.[23][21] The hatchling is fed by regurgitation. Parents gradually decrease their presence in the nest with the juvenile as it matures. While the parents are away from the nest, the fledgling begins to feed on nearby flies and preen itself.[21] Around 14 days old, the juvenile begins wing exercises and takes gradual steps toward leaving the nest. It ventures out on several flights, then returns to the nest with its parents, before departing for good about 25 days after hatching.[23] Juveniles display disruptive coloration like adults, so they can also camouflage into a branch.[10] Apart from flying away, chicks respond to disturbances in a similar manner to adults.[23]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the common potoo as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and a population of at least 500,000 mature individuals.[1] However, the population is declining, probably due to habitat destruction.[15]
References

BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctibius griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22689646A163600335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689646A163600335.en. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
Booth, Rosemary J. (2015). "Caprimulgiformes (Nightjars and Allies)". Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8. Elsevier. pp. 199–205. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00024-4. ISBN 978-1-4557-7397-8. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1029.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1779). "L'engoulevent gris". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 548.
Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 38.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 277, 179. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Monroe, B.L.; Banks, R.C.; Fitzpatrick, J.W.; Howell, T.R.; Johnson, N.K.; Ouellet, H.; Remsen, J.V.; Storer, R.W. (1995). "Fortieth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 112 (3): 819–830.
Praimsingh, Sangeeta (2015). "Nyctibius griseus (Common Potoo)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago.
Cott, Hugh (1940). Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353
Borerro, Jose Ignacio (1974). "Notes on the structure of the upper eyelid of Potoos (Nyctibius)". The Condor. 76 (2): 210–211. doi:10.2307/1366732. JSTOR 1366732.
Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3409-9. OCLC 649913131.
"The man seizing it is in fact trying to unentangle the bird from some wire". Retrieved 9 April 2022 – via YouTube.
"View 0:39-0:50 here". Retrieved 9 April 2022 – via YouTube.
Voudouris, P. (2020). Schulenberg, T.S. (ed.). "Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.compot1.01. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
Remsen, J. V. Jr.; J. I. Areta; E. Bonaccorso; S. Claramunt; A. Jaramillo; D. F. Lane; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; F. G. Stiles; K. J. Zimmer (August 2021). "Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories". 24. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
"Common Potoo". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
Cuervo, A.M.; Stiles, F.G.; Cadena, C.D.; Toro, J.L.; Londoño, G.A. (2003). "New and noteworthy bird records from the northern sector of the Western Andes of Colombia". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 123 (1): 7–24.
Strewe, Ralf; Navarro, Cristobal (2004). "New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 124 (1): 38–51.
Azpiroz, Adrián B.; Menéndez, José L. (2008). "Three new species and novel distributional data for birds in Uruguay". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128 (1): 38–56.
Cestari, César; Gonçalves, Cristina S.; Sazima, Ivan (2018). "Use flexibility of perch types by the branch-camouflaged Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus): why this bird may occasionally dare to perch on artificial substrates". Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 130 (1): 191–199. doi:10.1676/16-175.1. S2CID 90859242.
de Lyra-Neves, Rachel M.; Oliveira, Maria A.B.; Telino-Júnior, Wallace R. & dos Santos, Ednilza M. (2007): Comportamentos interespecíficos entre Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil [Interspecific behaviour between Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) and some birds of the Atlantic forest, Pernambuco State, Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24(3): 709–716 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752007000300022 PDF fulltext.
Skutch, A.F. (1970). "Life history of the Common Potoo". Living Bird. 9: 265–280.
Greeney, H.F.; Gelis, R.A.; White, R. (2004). "Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 124 (1): 28–37.
Cooper, Robert J. (2004). "Review of: Nightjars and Their Allies: The Caprimulgiformes David T. Holyoak". The Auk. 121 (2): 622–623. doi:10.2307/4090427. JSTOR 4090427.

Hilty, Steven L.; Brown, Bill (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-691-08372-8.