Numenius phaeopus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii
Familia: Scolopacidae
Genus: Numenius
Species: Numenius phaeopus
Subspecies: N. p. alboaxillaris – N. p. islandicus – N. p. phaeopus – N. p. rogachevae – N. p. variegatus
Name
Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Scolopax phaeopus (protonym)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 146 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Kleinwulp
aragonés: Chiflón
العربية: كروان الماء صغير
asturianu: Algaraván Marciegu
azərbaycanca: Ortaboy kronşnep
башҡортса: Һаҙ көйөлдөһө
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Кулён сярэдні
беларуская: Кулон сярэдні
български: Малък свирец
brezhoneg: Kefeleg-Mae
català: Polit cantaire
čeština: Koliha malá
Cymraeg: Coegylfinir
dansk: Småspove
Deutsch: Regenbrachvogel
ދިވެހިބަސް: Bulhithunbi
Ελληνικά: Θαλασσομπεκάτσα
English: Eurasian Whimbrel
Esperanto: Malgranda kurlo
español: Zarapito trinador
eesti: Väikekoovitaja
euskara: Kurlinta bekaindun
فارسی: گیلانشاه ابروسفید
suomi: Pikkukuovi
føroyskt: Spógvi
Nordfriisk: Letj rintüüter
français: Courlis corlieu
Gaeilge: Crotach eanaigh
Gàidhlig: Eun bealltainn
galego: Mazarico chiador
Avañe'ẽ: Chululu
Gaelg: Crottag houree
עברית: חרמשון קטן
hrvatski: Pozviždač jatar
Kreyòl ayisyen: Kouli
magyar: Kis póling
հայերեն: Կրոնշնեպ միջին
Bahasa Indonesia: Gajahan pengala
íslenska: Spói
italiano: Chiurlo piccolo
日本語: チュウシャクシギ
ქართული: საშუალო კრონშნეპი
қазақша: Қасқа шалшықшы
한국어: 중부리도요
lietuvių: Vidutinė kuolinga
latviešu: Lietuvainis
Malagasy: Kiokioka
മലയാളം: തെറ്റിക്കൊക്ക്
монгол: Бэсрэг тутгалжин
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Kedidi Pisau Raut
Malti: Gurlin Żgħir
Nederlands: Regenwulp
norsk nynorsk: Småspove
norsk: Småspove
polski: Kulik mniejszy
پنجابی: ومبرل
português do Brasil: Maçaricão
português: Maçarico-galego
rumantsch: Fliaun pitschen
русский: Средний кроншнеп
davvisámegiella: Guškkástat
slovenčina: Hvizdák malý
slovenščina: Mali škurh
shqip: Kojliku mesatar
српски / srpski: Zlovremenica srednja - Средња златовременица
svenska: Småspov
Kiswahili: Membe Sautisaba
ไทย: นกอีก๋อยเล็ก
Türkçe: Sürmeli kervan çulluğu
українська: Кульон середній
Tiếng Việt: Choắt mỏ cong bé
isiXhosa: Ingoyi-ngoyi
中文: 中杓鷸
The Eurasian or common whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), also known as the white-rumped whimbrel in North America, is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across much of subarctic Asia and Europe as far south as Scotland. This species and the Hudsonian whimbrel have recently been split, although some taxonomic authorities still consider them to be conspecific.
Taxonomy
The Eurasian whimbrel was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Scolopax phaeopus.[2] It is now placed with the curlews in the genus Numenius that was introduced by the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[3][4] The genus name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos, "new" and mene "moon", referring to the crescent-shaped bill. The specific epithet phaeopus is the Medieval Latin name for the bird, from Ancient Greek phaios, "dusky" and pous, "foot".[5] The English name "whimbrel" is imitative of the bird's call.[6]
Five subspecies are recognised:[4]
N. p. islandicus Brehm, C.L., 1831 – breeds mainly in Iceland, but also in Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland; winters mainly in West Africa, but ranges from southwestern Europe to Benin and Togo[7][8][9]
N. p. phaeopus (European whimbrel[10]) (Linnaeus, 1758) – nominate, breeds from Norway to north central Siberia; winters in Africa and south and southeast Asia
N. p. alboaxillaris Lowe, 1921 – breeds from western Kazakhstan to southwestern Siberia (rare, endangered); winters in south and east Asia
N. p. rogachevae Tomkovich, 2008 – breeds in north central Siberia; winters in east Africa and west India
N. p. variegatus (Scopoli, 1786) – breeds in northeastern Siberia; winters in India to Australia
The Hudsonian curlew (Numenius hudsonicus) was formerly considered to be conspecific. The two species were split based on genetic and plumage differences.[4][11]
Differences in species
The common whimbrel was traditionally considered a sub-cosmopolitan bird, breeding in Russia and Canada, then migrating to coasts all around the world to spend the winter. However the North American population of whimbrels was considered distinct enough to be considered a separate species from the common whimbrel.[12] In 2020, the New World population was recognised as a separate species, with the whimbrel in North America being assigned to the binomial name Numenius hudsonicus.
Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) flying in India, with the distinctive white rump visible
A whimbrel (Numenius hudsonicus) in Newfoundland, Canada. The rump is similar to the rest of the body in patterning
Whilst very similar at an initial glance, there are several features that distinguish whimbrel species in the Old and New World. In appearance, the New World species has a more “faded” appearance, with differences in the supercilium and crown. By far the most significant difference may be seen in the lower half of the bird. Whimbrels in Europe and Asia have a primarily white rump that can be seen in flight, while whimbrel in the New World have a rump similar in colour to the rest of the bird - drab brown with dark streaking.[13] As a result, whimbrel on vagrancy trips to North America may be known as the “white-rumped whimbrel”, while whimbrel vagrants from North America to Europe may be known as “Hudsonian whimbrel”.
When the context of their location is known, both species may be simply known as the whimbrel.
Description
The Eurasian whimbrel is a fairly large wader, though mid-sized as a member of the curlew genus. It is 37–47 cm (15–19 in) in length, 75–90 cm (30–35 in) in wingspan, and 270–493 g (9.5–17.4 oz; 0.595–1.087 lb) in weight.[14] It is mainly greyish brown, with a white back and rump (subspecies N. p. phaeopus and N. p. alboaxillaris only), and a long curved beak with a kink rather than a smooth curve. The usual call is a rippling whistle, prolonged into a trill for the song. The only similar common species over most of this bird's range are larger curlews. The whimbrel is smaller, has a shorter, decurved bill and has a central crown stripe and strong supercilia.[citation needed]
Distribution and migration
The whimbrel is a migratory bird wintering on coasts in Africa, and South Asia into Australasia.[1] It is also a coastal bird during migration.[15] It is fairly gregarious outside the breeding season. It is found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, and it breeds in Scotland, particularly around Shetland, Orkney, the Outer Hebrides as well as the mainland at Sutherland and Caithness.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
The nest is a bare scrape on tundra or Arctic moorland. Three to five eggs are laid. Adults are very defensive of nesting area and will even attack humans who come too close.
Food and feeding
This species feeds by probing soft mud for small invertebrates and by picking small crabs and similar prey off the surface. Before migration, berries become an important part of their diet. It has also been observed taking insects, specifically blue tiger butterflies[16]
Conservation
The whimbrel is listed in the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds. Near the end of the 19th century, hunting on the Eurasian whimbrel's migration routes took a heavy toll on its population, which has since recovered.[17] It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and has been negatively impacted by climate change, habitat destruction and outbreaks of Avian flu to which it is susceptible.[1]
The whimbrel and the Hudsonian curlew are considered to be conspecific.[1][18]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Numenius phaeopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693178A86585436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693178A86585436.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 146.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 48, Vol. 5, p. 311.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 276, 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Whimbrel". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Gunnarsson, T. G.; Guðmundsson, G. A. (2016). "Migration and non-breeding distribution of Icelandic Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus islandicus as revealed by ringing recoveries". Wader Study. 123 (1): 44–48. doi:10.18194/ws.00031.
Alves, J. A.; Dias, M. P.; Méndez, V.; Katrínardóttir, B.; Gunnarsson, T. G. (2016). "Very rapid long-distance sea crossing by a migratory bird". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38154. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638154A. doi:10.1038/srep38154. PMC 5128861. PMID 27901077.
Carneiro, C.; Gunnarsson, T. G.; Alves, J. A. (2019). "Faster migration in autumn than in spring: seasonal migration patterns and non-breeding distribution of Icelandic whimbrels". Journal of Avian Biology. 50 (1). doi:10.1111/jav.01938.
"BirdLife".
Tan, H.Z.; Ng, E.Y.X.; Tang, Q.; Allport, G.A.; Jansen, J.J.F.J.; Tomkovich, P.S.; Rheindt, F.E. (2019). "Population genomics of two congeneric Palaearctic shorebirds reveals differential impacts of Quaternary climate oscillations across habitats types". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18172. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918172T. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54715-9. PMC 6890745. PMID 31796810.
"bou splits with aou relevance=23 October 2022". aba. 20 September 2011.
"Hudsonian=24 October 2022". birdguides. January 2010.
"Whimbrel". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Birds. Collins Pocket Guide. 1998. p. 156.
Woodall, P.F. (1996). "Whimbrel feeding on Blue Tiger butterflies". Sunbird. 26 (2). Queensland Ornithological Society: 46–48. ISSN 1037-258X.
"Species". Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). Retrieved 14 November 2021.
"Whimbrel species".
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