Mustelirallus erythrops

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Gruiformes

Familia: Rallidae
Genus: Mustelirallus
Species: Mustelirallus erythrops
Subspecies: M. e. erythrops – M. e. olivascens
Name

Mustelirallus erythrops (P.L. Sclater, 1867)

Type locality: Lima, Peru.

Synonymy

Porzana erythrops (protonym)
Neocrex erythrops (P.L. Sclater, 1867)

References
Primary references

Sclater, P.L. 1867. On the Birds of the Vicinity of Lima, Peru. With Notes on their habits by Professor W. Nation, of Lima. Part II. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt.2: 340–344. BHL Reference page. p. 343 pl. 21

Additional references

García-R, J.C., Gibb, G.B. & Trewick, S.A. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008 ResearchGate Reference page.
Garcia-R, J.C., Lemmon, E.M., Lemmon, A.R. & French, N. 2020. Phylogenomic reconstruction sheds light on new relationships and timescale of rails (Aves: Rallidae) evolution. Diversity 12(2): 70. DOI: 10.3390/d12020070 Open access Reference page.
Kirchman, J.J., McInerney, N.R., Giarla, T.C., Olson, S.L., Slikas, E. & Fleischer, R.C. 2021. Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification. Ornithology 138(4): ukab042. DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukab042 Open access Reference page.
Depino E.A., Pérez-Emán, J.L., Bonaccorso, E. & Areta, J.I. 2023. Evolutionary history of New World crakes (Aves: Rallidae) with emphasis on the tribe Laterallini. Zoologica Scripta 52(4): 394–412 DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12595 Paywall Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Paint-billed Crake
español: Polluela picopinta
français: Râle à bec peint
Nederlands: Roodsnavelhoen
português: turu-turu

The paint-billed crake (Mustelirallus erythrops) is a species of bird in the subfamily Rallinae of the rail, crake, and coot family Rallidae.[3][4] It is found in Costa Rica, Panama, every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay, and the Galápagos Islands.[5][6][7]
Taxonomy and systematics

The paint-billed crake was initially placed in genus Porzana and later moved to genus Neocrex to join the Colombian crake (N. colombiana). The two have been sometimes been considered conspecific. In 2015 the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) and the Clements taxonomy moved both species to genus Mustelirallus. In 2023 the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) moved them to genus Mustelirallus.[8] However, the North American Classification Committee of AOS (NACC), and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retain them in Neocrex.[9][2][6][4]

This article uses the IOC/NACC/HBW genus. The IOC, HBW, and Clements agree that the paint-billed crake has two subspecies, the nominate N. e. erythrops and N. e. olivascens.[3][4][2]
Description

The paint-billed crake is 18 to 20 cm (7.1 to 7.9 in) long and weighs about 40 to 70 g (1.4 to 2.5 oz).[10] One specimen had a wing of 20 cm (7.9 in), a tarsus of 2.8 cm (1.1 in), and weighed 43 g (1.5 oz).[11] The species gets its common name from its red and yellow bill; it has bright red legs. The sexes are alike. The nominate subspecies has a brown crown, nape, and upperparts including the tail. Its throat is white and its face, throat, and breast are gray. Its flanks, belly, and vent are barred black and white. N. e. olivascens is similar but darker and with less white on its throat.[10]
Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of paint-billed crake is found in coastal Ecuador, coastal Peru, and the Galápagos Islands. Subspecies N. e. olivascens is much more widespread, but is found in several widely separated areas. In Central America it is found in Costa Rica[5] and Panama[6]. On the South American mainland it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[10] It has been recorded as a vagrant on Trinidad[7] and in the U.S. states of Texas and Virginia[6].

The species inhabits a wide variety of landscapes, from the very wet like reedbeds and marshes, to wet and dry pastures and rice fields, fairly dry bushy areas, and (in the Galápagos) humid woodlands. In South America it seems partial to swamp and savanna habitats with much grass and thickets. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to almost 3,400 m (11,200 ft)[10]
Paint-billed crake on Floreana Island in the Galápagos
Behavior
Movement

There is no evidence that the paint-billed crake makes regular movements. However, it has been found many times far outside its normal range, so it is at least prone to vagrancy and might have migratory populations.[10] It does not respond to playback.[12]
Feeding

Little is known about the paint-billed crake's feeding habits or diet. It is known to eat invertebrates including Diplopoda and Coleoptera and also seeds. It forages in soil, leaf litter, and standing water, and at dawn and dusk has been noted feeding in open areas next to dense vegetation.[10]
Breeding

The paint-billed crake's breeding season varies widely across its range. It builds a bowl nest of green grass on or near the ground and at least partially hidden in grass. It lays a clutch of three to seven eggs; they are creamy buff and have large reddish blotches near the blunt end. The incubation period is at least 23 to 25 days.[10][13]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to paint-billed crake on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The paint-billed crake's song is "a long, gradually accelerating series of up to 36 staccato somewhat yelping 'kjek' notes". Its calls include "frog-like, guttural, buzzy, single notes", "a mellow soft purring", and "a sharp 'twack'".[10]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the paint-billed crake as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size and trend are unknown. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] The species is "very furtive and difficult to observe" so its abundance and even its exact range limits are hard to determine. Its "status and distribution need investigation, as do movements and breeding".[10]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Neocrex erythrops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692760A93368173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692760A93368173.en. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
Garrigues, Richard., P. Camacho-Varela, M. Montoya, P. O'Donnell, J. Zook. OFFICIAL LIST OF BIRDS OF COSTA RICA 2020-2021 https://listaoficialavesdecostarica.files.wordpress.com/2021/07/aocr-lista-oficial-aves-de-cr-2020-2021-act.julio_.21-1.xlsx retrieved October 12, 2022
Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Gill, F; Donsker, D; Rasmussen, P, eds. (2023). IOC World Bird List (v 13.2). doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.13.2 (inactive 2024-05-09).
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Taylor, B., A. Bonan, P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Paint-billed Crake (Mustelirallus erythrops), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pabcra.01 retrieved October 12, 2022
Osborn, David; Beissinger, Steven R. (1979). "Paint-Billed Crake in Guyana" (PDF). The Auk. 96 (2): 425. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
Dvorak, Michael (June 2017). "Conservation Status of Landbirds on Floreana: the Smallest Inhabited Galapagos Island". Journal of Field Ornithology. 88 (2): 132–145. doi:10.1111/jofo.12197.

Hauber, Mark E. (2014). The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-226-05781-1.

External links

Associação Mãe-da-lua Paint-billed crake (Mustelirallus erythrops) - Photos and notes