Melierax canorus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes
Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Melieraxinae
Genus: Melierax
Species: Melierax canorus
Subspecies: M. c. argentior - M. c. canorus
Name
Melierax canorus (Thunberg, 1799)
References
Dissertatio de Falcone Canoro...1799. p. 1
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Bleeksingvalk
čeština: Jestřáb kukačkovitý
English: Pale chanting goshawk
español: Azor lagartijero claro
The pale chanting goshawk (Melierax canorus) is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. This hawk breeds in southern Africa and is a resident species of dry, open semi-desert with 75 cm or less annual rainfall. It is commonly seen perched on roadside telephone poles.
Description
This species is approximately 55 cm in length with a wingspan of 110 cm.[3] The adult has grey upperparts with a white rump. The central tail feathers are black tipped with white and the outer tail feathers are barred grey and white. The head and upper breast are pale grey while the rest of the underparts are finely barred in dark grey and white. The eyes are dark brown in the adult and pale yellow in the immature. The bill is red at the base and dark grey at the tip. The cere, facial skin and long legs are also red.[4] In flight, the adult has black primary flight feathers, very pale grey (white from a distance) secondaries, and grey forewings. Immatures have brown upperparts, with a white rump and black bars on the tail. From below, the flight feathers and tail are white with black barring, the throat is dark-streaked white, and the rest of the underparts are rufous. It is larger and paler than the barred-rumped dark chanting goshawk, Melierax metabates.[3]
Both sexes are vocal during the breeding season. The call is a tuneful whistling kleeu-kleeu-kleeu-ku-ku-ku usually given from a tree-top perch.[3]
Ecology
Food and foraging
The pale chanting goshawk hunts predominantly from elevated perches such as trees and telephone poles but also walks on the ground in pursuit of prey.[3] It is an opportunistic raptor and eats a wide variety of prey including small mammals up to the size of Cape hares, lizards, birds, large insects and carrion.[5][6] It has also been recorded predating upon tent tortoise and leopard tortoise hatchlings which are swallowed whole while the shell is still soft.[7] There is some evidence of social hunting in breeding groups but solitary hunting is the norm.[8] Pale chanting goshawks commonly associate with foraging honey badgers and feed on organisms that are flushed by the honey badger's feeding activity.[9] This association increases the hunting opportunities and prey capture success of the pale chanting goshawk while the honey badger does not suffer any loss of foraging efficiency.[9]
Breeding
The relatively small stick nest is built in a tree (often a Vachellia) at a height of 2 to 12 m or on a pole or pylon.[3] Nests have been recorded being lined with soft materials including animal fur, dry dung, Cape penduline tit nests, man-made cloth and the silk nests of a social spider (Stegodyphus dumicola).[10] The female lays and incubates two (occasionally one or three) chalky white, unmarked eggs.[3] Usually only one chick is raised but nests raising two chicks are not uncommon.[3] The breeding cycle begins in midwinter and takes over 115 days.[11] After leaving the nest the young may be found near it for some months and in the following year may even display in the same area. Some pairs and especially trios raise a second brood, starting about 24 days after the first brood fledges.[11]
Normally a female mates with a single male (monogamy), but in "broken veld" vegetation (a prey-rich habitat in the Little Karoo), a female and two males may form a polyandrous trio.[11] In these cases an alpha male and female will be assisted in raising the young by a beta male. The alpha male copulates with the female 31–5 days before laying while the beta male copulates 5–3 days before laying.[12] Subordinate co-breeding males may have reproductive fitness benefits by assisting the alpha female with nest defense and prey provision.[13] Non-breeding individuals from previous broods may remain in their natal territory and form part of the breeding group.[11]
Habitat and abundance
Pale chanting goshawks have a large range throughout most of the drier regions of Southern Africa.[1] They inhabit dry semi-desert areas with open ground and appropriate perches from which to hunt.[3] There is no evidence of migration though both short and long-distance movements are common.[3] In the Karoo one pair or family group occupies between 4.4 and 8.6 km2 while around Windhoek one pair occupies between 5.4 and 6.7 km2.[3]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Melierax canorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695438A93509749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695438A93509749.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
Hockey, P.A.R.; Dean, W. R. J.; Ryan, P. G. Roberts Birds of Southern Africa (7th ed.). Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. ISBN 0620340533.
Sinclair, Ian; Hockley, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick; Ryan, Peter (2011). SASOL birds of Southern Africa. Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-77007-925-0.
Ryan, Peter G.; et al. (2012). "View of carrion attraction: Goshawks and other birds captured on camera traps". Ornithological Observations. 3: 102–106.
Brown, Leslie, and Dean Amadon. "Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world." (1968).
Malan, G.; Branch, W. R. (1992-01-01). "Predation on tent tortoise and leopard tortoise hatchlings by the pale chanting goshawk in the Little Karoo". African Zoology. 27 (1): 33–35. ISSN 2224-073X.
Malan, Gerard (1998-09-01). "Solitary and social hunting in Pale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus) families: why use both strategies?". Journal of Raptor Research. 32: 195–201.
Margeret, Begg, Colleen (2002-04-01). Feeding ecology and social organisation of honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) in the southern Kalahari (Thesis). University of Pretoria. hdl:2263/29895.
Crouch, T.; Malan, G. (2002). "The use of social Stegodyphus spider retreats as nest-lining by pale chanting-goshawks (Melierax canorus): Is it about preference?". African Zoology. 37: 61–66. doi:10.1080/15627020.2002.11657156. S2CID 82913588 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
Malan, G.; Crowe, T. M.; Biggs, R.; Herholdt, J. J. (2008), "The social system of the Pale Chanting Goshawk Melierax canorus; monogamy v polyandry and delayed dispersal", Ibis, 139 (2): 313–321, doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04630.x (Abstract only for non-subscribers.)
Malan, Gerard (2005-10-01). "Reproductive partitioning among polyandrous alpha and beta pale chanting-goshawk males". African Zoology. 40 (2): 213–222. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.3390. doi:10.1080/15627020.2005.11407320. S2CID 83916981.
Jenkins, A.R. Malan, G. & (1996-10-01). "Territory and nest defence in polyandrous pale chanting goshawks: do co breeders help?". African Zoology. 31 (4). ISSN 1562-7020.
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