Melanitta nigra

Melanitta nigra (*)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Anseriformes

Familia: Anatidae
Subfamilia: Merginae
Genus: Melanitta
Species: Melanitta nigra
Name

Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Type locality: Lapland, Sweden.
Synonyms

Anas nigra (protonym)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 123 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
aragonés: Aneda marina
العربية: بط أسقطور
asturianu: Coríu Moru
azərbaycanca: Qara qılquyruq
беларуская: Нырок-сіньга
български: Траурна потапница
brezhoneg: Duanenn voutin
català: Ànec negre
čeština: Turpan černý
Cymraeg: Môr-hwyaden Ddu
dansk: Sortand
Deutsch: Trauerente
Ελληνικά: Μαυρόπαπια
English: Common Scoter
Esperanto: Nigra maranaso
español: Negrón común
eesti: Mustvaeras
euskara: Ahatebeltz arrunt
suomi: Mustalintu
føroyskt: Kolont
Nordfriisk: Suart an
français: Macreuse noire
Gaeilge: Scótar dubh
Gàidhlig: Lach bheag dhub
galego: Parrulo pentumeiro
Gaelg: Thunnag ghob chrottagh
עברית: קטיפנית שחורה
hrvatski: Crna patka
magyar: Fekete réce
íslenska: Hrafnsönd
italiano: Orchetto marino
日本語: クロガモ
қазақша: Қара тұрпан
한국어: 검둥오리
lietuvių: Juodoji antis
latviešu: Melnā pīle
Malti: Borka Sewda
Nederlands: Zwarte zee-eend
norsk nynorsk: Svartand
norsk: Svartand
polski: Markaczka
português: Pato-preto
rumantsch: Anda naira
русский: Синьга
саха тыла: Буор атах анды
davvisámegiella: Njurggu
slovenčina: Turpan čierny
slovenščina: Crna raca
shqip: Rosa e zezë
српски / srpski: Crni turpan, Црни турпан
svenska: Sjöorre
Türkçe: Bayağı kara ördek
українська: Синьга
中文: 黑海番鸭

The common scoter (Melanitta nigra) is a large sea duck, 43–54 cm (17–21 in) in length, which breeds over the far north of Europe and the Palearctic east to the Olenyok River. The black scoter (M. americana) of North America and eastern Siberia was formerly considered to be a subspecies.
Taxonomy

The common scoter was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Anas nigra.[2][3] Linnaeus specified the type locality as Lapland, England. The common scoter is now one of six species placed in the genus Melanitta that was introduced in 1822 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.[4] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek melas meaning "black" and netta meaning "duck".[5] The common scoter was formerly considered to be conspecific with the black scoter (Melanitta americana) but the two taxa are now treated as separate species. The common scoter is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[4]
Description

The common scoter is characterised by its bulky shape and large bill. The male is all black with a bulbous bill which shows some yellow coloration around the nostrils. The female is a brown bird with pale cheeks, very similar to female black scoter. This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from black scoter, by the lack of white anywhere on the drake and the more extensive pale areas on the female. The black scoter and common scoter have diagnosably distinct vocalisations.[6]
Behaviour and ecology

It winters farther south in temperate zones, on the coasts of Europe as far south as Morocco. It forms large flocks on suitable coastal waters. These are tightly packed, and the birds tend to take off and dive together.
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

The lined nest is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or tundra. 6-8 eggs are laid.

This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs; it also eats aquatic insects and small fish when on fresh water.

The common scoter is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
UK population and current issues

In 1977, the ornithologist Bruce Campbell estimated the wintering population in north-western Europe to be about 130,000, mostly in the Baltic area, and the UK population at about 20,000. There is a marked passage in spring through the Straits of Dover.[7]

In 2003, a previously unknown wintering population of 50,000+ was found on Shell Flat in the north west of England by Cirrus Energy whilst surveying the area for a new wind farm.[8] Due to this development and an oil spill off the coast of Wales in 1996, questions about the common scoter population have been asked in the UK Parliament.[9]

Although the common scoter is a winter visitor to the UK, there are some breeding pairs in the north of Scotland. The species has been placed on the RSPB conservation Red List because of a greater than 50% decline in the UK breeding population. In 1998, the UK Government agreed to a biodiversity action plan (BAP) for the common scoter to increase the breeding population to 100 pairs by 2008.[10] The Northern Irish population, which had reached a peak of 150–200 pairs in the 1970s, crashed disastrously in the 1990s and by 2010 there were no confirmed reports of breeding. However, 100 pairs were recorded in the south of Ireland in a 1995 survey. UK breeding pairs have declined to 35 as of 2015 and attempts are being made to research why.[11]

At the third steering group meeting of the UK Common Scoter Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), the population in the Shell Flat area was put at 16,500 wintering scoter and 5,000 moulting birds, of which 4,000 used the footprint area of the proposed wind farm.[12]
Scoters and meatless Fridays in France

In parts of France,in the nineteenth century and earlier, the common scoter was accepted by the Roman Catholic Church as a substitute for fish during the Friday Fast.

The scoters are said to appear on the coasts of France in great numbers, to which they are attracted by a certain kind of small bivalve shell fish called vaimeaux ... At the flowing of the tide the scoters approach in great numbers, diving after their favourite food, and soon get entangled in the nets. ... These are sold to the Roman Catholics, who eat them on those days on which they are forbidden by their religion the use of animal food, fish excepted; these birds and a few others of the same fishy flavour, having been exempted from the interdict ...[13]

References

BirdLife International (2018). "Melanitta nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22724879A132257623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724879A132257623.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 123.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 493.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Sangster, George (2009). "Acoustic differences between the scoters Melanitta nigra nigra and M. n. americana". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 121 (4): 696–702. doi:10.1676/04-088.1.
Campbell, B. (1977). Birds of Coast and Sea Britain and Northern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-217661-5.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
"Page cannot be found".
"Common scoter - the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds". Archived from the original on 2005-11-02. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
BBC (London) Chasing Britain's most threatened duck
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-06-09.

"Scoter Duck". American Ornithology. Constable's miscellany of original and selected publications in the various departments of literature, scoence & the arts. Vol. LXVIII-LXXI. Vol. 3. Printed for Constable and co.; etc., etc. 1831. pp. 212–213.

Underhill, M.C.; Gittings, T.; Callaghan, D.A.; Hughes, B.; Kirby, J.S.; Delany, S. (1 July 1998). "Status and distribution of breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra nigra in Britain and Ireland in 1995". Bird Study. 45 (2): 146–156. doi:10.1080/00063659809461087.