Luscinia cyane

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Piciformes

Familia: Lybiidae
Genus: Lybius
Species: L. chaplini – L. guifsobalito – L. leucocephalus – L. rubrifacies – L. torquatus – L. undatus – L. vieilloti

Species transferred to other genus:

Pogonornis: L. bidentatus – L. dubius - – L. melanopterus – L. minor – L. rolleti

Name

Lybius Hermann, 1783

Typus: Lybius guifsobalito Hermann, 1783

References
Primary references

Hermann, J. 1783. Tabula affinitatum animalium olim academico specimine edita, nunc uberiore commentario illustrata com annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus. Joh. Georgii Treuttel. Argentorati [Strasbourg]. i–xvi, 1–371 BHL Reference page. p. 217, 235, note-n

Additional references

Moyle, R.G. 2004. Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30(1): 187–200 DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00179-9 Paywall Reference page.

Lybius is a genus of African barbets from the family Lybiidae (formerly included in the Capitonidae and sometimes in the Ramphastidae). This genus ranges across sub-Saharan Africa.
Description

The Lybius species are usually about 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) long, plump-looking, with large heads, and their heavy bill is fringed with bristles. Almost all species in this genus are characterized by their red feathers on the head or around the eyes, but there is a great variety of morphology in this genus. There are barbets like the white-headed barbet that have no red on the head at all, and species like the double-toothed barbet with all red feathers on the ventral side of the body and head, but with only black on the dorsal side.[1] Pretty much all species in this genus have striking plumage, consisting of red, black, yellow or white colors.[2] These are also mainly solitary birds that eat fruit, insects and small vertebrates like lizards.[1]
Taxonomy

The genus Lybius was introduced in 1783 by the French naturalist Johann Hermann to accommodate a single species, the black-billed barbet, which is therefore the type species.[3][4] The genus name is from Ancient Greek libuos, an unidentified bird mentioned by Aristotle.[5]

The genus Lybius belongs to the order Piciformes, which contains 9 families, including the woodpecker family.[1] A couple of decades ago, all barbets were thought to be of one family, but studies of mitochondrial DNA and DNA hybridization in the early 1990s have led to barbets being split into three families: Asian barbets (Megalaimidae), African barbets (Lybiidae), and American barbets (Capitonidae).[6] The family Lybiidae has a total of 43 species that occur throughout the continent of Africa from the tip of the Cape Peninsula to the fringes of the Sahara desert. Out of the 43 species in this family, Lybius contains 7 barbet species. The gneus Pogonornis, contains 5 barbet species, was previously included in the genus Lybius.[7] These are the most frequently encountered group of African barbets.[8]
Extant species

The genus contains 7 species:[7]

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Banded barbet	Lybius undatus	Eritrea and Ethiopia.
	Vieillot's barbet	Lybius vieilloti	Senegal to Ethiopia
	White-headed barbet	Lybius leucocephalus	Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
	Chaplin's barbet or Zambian barbet	Lybius chaplini	South Central Zambia
	Red-faced barbet	Lybius rubrifacies	Burundi, Rwanda, Northwest Tanzania, and Southwest Uganda
	Black-billed barbet	Lybius guifsobalito	Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
	Black-collared barbet	Lybius torquatus	Sub-Saharan Africa through Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Bird calls

Most of the Lybius species use duetting as a way to mark one's territory and to find a mate. Mates must have coordinating duets in order to be a proper match for each other, which means lone singers are very uncommon in the duetting barbet species. Duet songs are species-specific, and only paired duetting barbets can hold a territory, which is why lone singers are rarely seen. There are four known duetting species in this genus: Lybius vieilloti, L. leucocephalus, L. rubrifacies, and L. torquatus. The duetting of L. chaplini and L. undatus is unknown.[9] The behavioral significance of duetting probably involves sex recognition and the maintenance of a pair bond.[10]

Generally, the barbets in the duet will bow ceremoniously to each other while singing. In addition to bowing, certain African barbet species, like Lybius vieilloti and Lybius torquatus, will incorporate a snarl into their duet. The snarl might actually be how the duets are initiated in this species. When duetting, each bird will pick up the song from where the other bird left off. The time interval between when one bird ends the duet and when the other bird begins the song again is called the "auditory response time". Basically, the auditory response time is the minimum time required for the barbet to hear the notes and respond to them.[10]
References

"Birds of Africa: Barbets." Archived 2013-12-14 at the Wayback Machine Birds of Africa: Barbets. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
"Lybiidae (African Barbets & South American Barbets)." Archived 2012-10-31 at the Wayback Machine Lybiidae (African Barbets & South American Barbets). N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Hermann, Johann (1783). Tabula affinitatum animalium olim academico specimine edita, nunc uberiore commentario illustrata cum annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus (in Latin). Argentorati [Strasbourg]: Impensis Joh. Georgii Treuttel. pp. 217, Note n, 235.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 55.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"African Barbets." African Barbets. N.p., 7 Sept. 2004. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
International Ornithologists' Union. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "IOC World Bird List 14.1" (xlsx). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
"Africa’s Barbets." 10,000 Birds. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Short, Lester L., and Jennifer F. Horne. "A Review of Duetting, Sociality and Speciation In Some African Barbets (Capitonidae)." Condor 85.3 (1983): 323-32. Web.
Payne, R. B., and N. J. Skinner. "Temporal Patterns of Duetting in African Barbets." Ibis 112.2 (1970): 173-183. Web.