Limnodromus scolopaceus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii

Familia: Scolopacidae
Genus: Limnodromus
Species: Limnodromus scolopaceus
Name

Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say, 1822)
Synonymy

Limosa scolopacea (protonym)

References

Say, T.. [Taxonomical footnotes]. In James, E.P. 1823. Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. H.C. Carey & I Lea. Philadelphia. 1: 1–503 DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.61116 BHL Reference page. p. 170 BHL

Vernacular names
asturianu: Abuya de Picu Llargu
brezhoneg: Stankioc'h beg hir
català: Cegall becllarg
čeština: Slukovec dlouhozobý
Cymraeg: Giach gylfin-hir, Gïach gylfin-hir
dansk: Langnæbbet sneppeklire
Deutsch: Großer Schlammläufer
Ελληνικά: Λιμνοδρόμος
English: Long-billed Dowitcher
Esperanto: Longbeka limnodromo
español: Agujeta escolopácea
eesti: Tundra-neppvigle
euskara: Tetolet becllarg
suomi: Tundrakurppelo
føroyskt: Snípustelkur
français: Bécassin à long bec
Gaeilge: Guilbnín Gobfhada
galego: Mazarico escolopáceo
עברית: ארוך מקור
Kreyòl ayisyen: Bekasin bèk long
magyar: Hosszúcsőrű cankógoda
Bahasa Indonesia: Trinillumpur Paruh-panjang
íslenska: Kanaduðra
italiano: Limnodromo beccolungo
日本語: オオハシシギ
한국어: 긴부리도요
lietuvių: Ežerinis dumblinukas
монгол: Хараалжин цууцаль
Nederlands: Grote Grijze Snip
norsk: Langnebbekkasinsnipe
polski: Szlamiec długodzioby
português do Brasil: Fuselo
português: Maçarico-escolopáceo-americano
русский: Длинноклювый американский бекасовидный веретенник
slovenčina: Brežník dlhozobý
slovenščina: Dolgokljuni greznik
svenska: Långnäbbad beckasinsnäppa
ไทย: นกซ่อมทะเลปากยาว
Türkçe: Uzun gagalı suçulluğu
Tiếng Việt: Dẽ mỏ dài
中文: 长嘴半蹼鹬

The long-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus) is a medium-sized shorebird with a relatively long bill belonging to the sandpiper family, Scolopacidae. In breeding plumage, adults are characterized by a beautiful rufous head and underparts with a darker mottled back and a large white upper rump only seen in flight.[2][3][4] They feed in various freshwater habitats with their bill underwater in a "sewing machine" motion and are known to have an exciting mating display where males chase females in flight.[2] The genus, Limnodromus is Ancient Greek from limne, "marsh" and dromos, "racer". The specific scolopaceus is Neo-Latin for "snipe-like", from Latin scolopax, scolopacis, a snipe or woodcock.[5] The English name is from Iroquois and was first recorded in 1841.[6]

The long-billed dowitcher is nearly identical in appearance to the short-billed dowitcher and was only recognized as a separate species in 1950 by Pitelka.[2] Between the two, the best distinguishing field mark is their flight call, especially in winter where both species are even more difficult to tell apart.[4] However, the two species differ ecologically in a few ways, starting with habitat and breeding location. Short-billeds prefer salt-water and breed primarily in southern Alaska and Yukon, as well as central Canada and the Maritime provinces, while long-billeds generally prefer freshwater and breed mainly from western and northern Alaska to eastern Siberia before migrating as far south as Mexico for the winter.[2]
Taxonomy

The long-billed dowitcher is a bird in the order Charadriiformes, which includes shorebirds, gulls, and alcids. It is part of the Scolopacidae family, and it belongs to the Scolopacinae subfamily along with snipes and woodcocks. Its genus Limnodromus includes only two other species; the short-billed dowitcher and the Asian dowitcher.[7][8][2]

The long-billed dowitcher was first described by Thomas Say in 1823 under the name Limnodromus scolopacea.[9] The taxonomy of the long-billed and short-billed dowitcher has presented difficulties in part due to the variability of the short-billed dowitcher.

For around 100 years the long-billed dowitcher and short-billed dowitcher were recognized as two distinct species. By 1927 the long-billed dowitcher was made a sub-species of the short-billed dowitcher, as the western form, due to bird observations which were similar to both species linking the two geographically.[10] It was not until Frank Pitelka published his monograph, in 1950, that the two dowitcher species were once again accepted as being two distinct species.[11][12] Further research has shown that the two species are estimated to have diverged genetically more than four million years ago.[13]
Description

The long-billed dowitcher is a medium-sized, stocky sandpiper with a bill about twice the length of its head. In all plumages, the long-billed dowitcher has a whitish supercilium and dark loral stripe that continuous past the eye. The tail is barred black and white with the black being almost twice the width of the white and a large distinctive white rump which extends up to the middle of its back.

Long-billed dowitcher are in breeding plumage from approximately May to late August or early September. In breeding plumage, adults are characterized by a dark crown on top of their head and a rufous neck, chest, and belly underneath with black bars on their breast and white barring on flanks when plumage is fresh. The older the feathers get the less the black bars may appear leaving the breast dark redish. The crown and the back are a mix of brown, black and buff markings.[14] Wings and upper-back are mottled with black, buff, and white markings looking overall dark brown.

When in the winter plumage the long-billed dowitcher is very difficult to identify in the field with the short-billed dowitcher. In non-breeding plumage, adults are drab grey, with darker upperparts and breast contrasting with paler white belly. The gray of the breast also gradually lightens as it reaches the chin.[2][3][4]

The juvenile plumage of the long-billed dowitcher is similar to that of the breeding adult except for being paler. Juvenile long-billed dowitcher can be distinguished from the short-billed dowitcher by the differences in the tertiary feathers. On the long-billed dowitcher these feathers are dark gray with narrow buff edges with internal markings so dull they seem to lack them altogether. In juvenile birds the upper parts are fringed chestnut rather than buffy brown and their uniformly gray breast is slightly demarcated from the pale rufous lower belly and breasts.

The bill of the long-billed dowitcher ranges from 62 mm to 72 mm with males having bill lengths near the smaller scale reflecting their smaller body size. Bills are typically very straight and black becoming yellowish olive-green near the base and legs are also yellowish.[2][3][4] Sexes are almost identical, with females being generally heavier and having longer wings and bill.[2]

Measurements:[3]

Length: 11.4 inches (29 cm)
Weight: 3.1–4.6 ounces (88–130 g)
Wingspan: 18.5–19.3 inches (47–49 cm)

Habitat and distribution
Breeding

In North America, the long-billed dowitcher breeds mainly throughout western and northern Alaska along the coast from Hooper Bay to w. Mackenzie and south to the foothills of Brooks Range. In this range, while nesting it greatly prefers wet, grass or sedge freshwater meadows but it is also sometimes confined to marshes and will move to lakes, ponds, or estuaries to forage after nesting. In eastern Siberia it breeds from the lower Yana River to Chukotka Peninsula and Anadyr Lowlands with an apparent westward expansion in Russia, also commonly nesting along Bering Sea and inland along rivers draining into the East Arctic Sea of Siberia.[2][3]
Non-breeding

During the non-breeding season, its range has been difficult to determine due to its similarity to Short-billed dowitchers in winter plumage, especially in areas where both species overlap in which case most birds are identified as "dowitchers". Along the Pacific coast however, it winters in various locations from south-western British Columbia to Baja California, also moving inland to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and south to Mexico. Along the Atlantic coast, it winters from North Carolina to Florida, also moving west along the Gulf Coast to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. In the winter, this bird can be found in a much larger variety of habitats ranging from mudflats, flooded wetlands, wet meadows and fields to various lakes and marshes preferring water less than three inches deep.[2][3] In general, long-billed dowitchers seem to prefer fresh over salt water and muddy over sandy habitats in comparison to short-billed dowitchers.[2]
Migration

The long-billed dowitcher will migrate later in the fall than the short-billed dowitcher and earlier in the spring. The spring migrations occurs from February to May with birds moving up along the Pacific coast and interior. The long-billed dowitcher will also migrate through the Great Plains on the western side with a vast majority moving through Alberta.[15]

The fall migrations generally occurs from July to October with the adult long-billed dowitcher beginning to migrate south in July while juveniles begin migrating through September to October. From their breeding grounds the long-billed dowitcher will either migrate south along the Pacific Coast, across the Canadian Prairies and down the Great Basin or through Ontario towards Florida.[16]
Behaviour
Diet and foraging
Foraging long-billed dowitcher

Long-billed dowitchers forage by jabbing or probing with a characteristic "sewing machine" motion in shallow water or on wet mud, often with their heads underwater and using tactile receptors on the tip of their bill to locate prey by touch.[17] The long-billed dowitcher, during breeding, consumes large quantities of chironomidae larva and larva of other insects with occasional plant matter and seeds. During migration and in their wintering region, the long-billed dowitcher consumes a far greater range of food types. Dowitchers eat everything from polychaetes to insect larva to crustaceans to mollusks.[18] Also, having night vision, they are known to forage at night during migration.[19][20]
Vocalization

The long-billed dowitcher's main call, mostly heard in flight but also while on ground, is a high, sharp keek sometimes repeated as an accelerating quick double or triple note series. Its second, less common call is a tu given 1-8 times. Its song is described as pee-witch-er, and its alarm call is an explosive KEEK. The long-billed dowitcher is a more vocal shorebird often making a keek or tu call, heard when in feeding flocks unlike the short-billed dowitcher which are generally silent on the ground.[21][2][4]
Reproduction

Male long-billed dowitcher will court females by first singing to them and then compete with other males by perusing the female in flight, displaying an aerial show of speed and agility. After mating, they are known to sing while hovering 15 feet in the air above their territories.[2] Once mated the male and female dowitcher form a pair bond. Long-billed dowitchers nest in wet areas of tall grasses in the troughs of raised mounds and ridges. The nest is a simple depression in the ground usually lined with grass and leaves.[22]

The long-billed dowitcher lays four eggs per brood every year having only one brood per season.[citation needed] On rare occasions the long-billed dowitcher will lay three eggs. The eggs are oval to pear shaped and range from being a buff olive to a greenish or blueish glaucous. The eggs are also heavily splotched with varying shades of brown near the base of the large end with the underlying marks being dark gray. Incubation of the eggs is approximately twenty days in which both sexes participate. Long-billed dowitcher chicks are precocial and downy being able to feed themselves within a few hours of hatching. In the long-billed dowitcher it is the male which takes care of the chicks until they have fledged.
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Limnodromus scolopaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693348A93397323. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693348A93397323.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Takekawa, John Y.; Warnock, Nils D. (2020-03-04). Poole, Alan F; Gill, Frank B (eds.). "Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.lobdow.01.
"Long-billed Dowitcher Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. p. 190. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 227, 351. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Dowitcher". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Livezey, Bradley (2010). "Phylogenetics of modern shorebirds (Charadriiformes) based on phenotypic evidence: analysis and discussion". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (3): 567–618. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00635.x.
Gibson, Rosemary; Baker, Allan (2012). "Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 66–72. Bibcode:2012MolPE..64...66G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008. PMID 22491071. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
Rowan, William (1932). "The Status of the Dowitchers with a Description of a New Subspecies from Alberta and Manitoba". The Auk. 49 (1): 14–35. doi:10.2307/4076698. JSTOR 4076698.
Bent, Arthur (1962). Life Histories of North American Shore Birds. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 115–121. ISBN 0-486-20933-4. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Pitelka, Frank (1950). "Geographic variation and the species problem in the shore-bird genus Limnodromus". University of California Publications in Zoology. 50 (1): 1–108.
Jaramillo, Alvaro; Pittaway, Ron; Burke, Peter (1991). "The Identification and Migration of Breeding Plumaged Dowitchers in Southern Ontario" (PDF). Birders Journal. 1 (1): 8–25. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Avise, John; Zink, Robert (1988). "Molecular Genetic Divergence between Avian Sibling Species: King and Clapper Rails, Long-Billed and Short-Billed Dowitchers, Boat-Tailed and Great-Tailed Grackles, and Tufted and Black-Crested Titmice". The Auk. 105 (3): 516–528. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.516. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Lee, Cin-Ty; Birch, Andrew (2006). "Advances in the Field Identification of North American Dowitchers" (PDF). Birding. 38 (5). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Steeves, J. B.; Holohan, S. (1995). "Calidrid spring migration on the east and west Canadian Prairie" (PDF). Wader Study Group Bull. 77: 38–43. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Barbaree, Blake; Reiter, Matthew; Hickey, Catherine; Page, Gary (2015). "Molt migration and migratory connectivity of the long-billed dowitcher". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 80 (2): 256–265. doi:10.1002/jwmg.1006. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Burton, P J K; Burton, P. J. K. (1972). "The Feeding Techniques Of Stilt Sandpipers And Dowitchers". Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 17: 63–68. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.19959.
Baldassarre, Guy; Fischer, David (1984). "Food Habits of Fall Migrant Shorebirds on the Texas High Plains". Journal of Field Ornithology. 55 (2): 220–229. JSTOR 4512887. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Azuaje, Luz Marina Rojas de; Tai, Susan; McNeil, Raymond (1993). "Comparison of Rod/Cone Ratio in Three Species of Shorebirds Having Different Nocturnal Foraging Strategies". The Auk. 110 (1): 141–145. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4088244.
Dodd, Sarah L.; Colwell, Mark A. (1996). "Seasonal Variation in Diurnal and Nocturnal Distributions of Nonbreeding Shorebirds at North Humboldt Bay, California". The Condor. 98 (2): 196–207. doi:10.2307/1369137. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1369137.
Bird, David (2013). Birds of Eastern Canada. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-55363-193-4.
Cunningham, Jenny; Kesler, Dylan; Lanctot, Richard (2016). "Habitat and social factors influence nest-site selection in Arctic-breeding shorebirds". The Auk. 133 (3): 364–377. doi:10.1642/AUK-15-196.1.