Leucopternis kuhli

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Genus: Leucopternis
Species: Leucopternis kuhli
Name

Leucopternis kuhli Bonaparte, 1850

Type locality: no locality; Pará, Brazil, by later designation.

Synonyms

Leucopternis superciliaris Pelzeln, 1861

References

Bonaparte, C.L. 1850. Conspectus generum avium. Tome I. pp. [1–5], 1–543. Lugduni Batavorum (Leida). (E.J. Brill). p. 19 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
čeština: Káně menší
English: White-browed Hawk
español: Busardo cejiblanco
polski: Białostrząb białobrewy
português: Gavião-vaqueiro

The white-browed hawk (Leucopternis kuhli) is a species of bird of prey in subfamily Accipitrinae, the "true" hawks, of family Accipitridae.[2][3] It is found Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.[4]
Taxonomy and systematics

The white-browed hawk and the black-faced hawk (L. melanops) are sister species and have sometimes been considered conspecific. They share genus Leucopternis with the semiplumbeous hawk (L. semiplumbeus). The white-browed hawk is monotypic.[3][2]
Illustration by Josephe Smit, 1869
Description

The white-browed hawk is 37 to 40 cm (15 to 16 in) long with a 65 to 76 cm (26 to 30 in) wingspan. Females are larger than males and both sexes have the same plumage. They have a dark head with a narrow white stripe above the eye. Their upperparts are black with white streaks on their nape and mantle. Their tail is black with a wide white band at the midpoint. Their underparts are white. Their eye is brown or reddish brown and their cere, legs, and feet are orange.[5]
Distribution and habitat

The white-browed hawk is found south of the Amazon River. It occurs in eastern Peru between the departments of Loreto and Madre de Dios, in northern and northeastern Bolivia, and in Brazil to the Atlantic coast in Pará state. It inhabits tropical rainforest between sea level and 500 m (1,600 ft) of elevation.[5]
Behavior
Movement

The white-browed hawk appears to be sedentary.[5]
Feeding

The white-browed hawk hunts near the forest floor. Its diet has not been studied but it has been observed taking a snake and a lizard and is thought to also feed on frogs and large insects.[5]
Breeding

The white-browed hawk's breeding biology is almost unknown. The one described nest was in western Brazil in December and was thought to hold eggs. It was a small platform of sticks, twigs, and leaves placed in the subcanopy about 15 m (50 ft) above the ground.[5]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to white-browed hawk on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The white-browed hawk's call is "a high-pitched rather thin downslurred whistle 'keeeeuw' given at intervals."[5]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the white-browed hawk as being of least concern. It has a large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] The species is poorly known, "but so much forest in its extensive range remains intact that [the] species can not be considered of immediate concern."[5]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leucopternis kuhli.
Wikispecies has information related to Leucopternis kuhli.

BirdLife International (2016). "White-browed Hawk Leucopternis kuhli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695760A93527269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695760A93527269.en. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
Bierregaard, R. O., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). White-browed Hawk (Leucopternis kuhli), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whbhaw2.01 retrieved December 10, 2022