Larus dominicanus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Lari

Familia: Laridae
Subfamilia: Larinae
Genus: Larus
Species: Larus dominicanus
Subspecies: L. d. austrinus – L. d. dominicanus – L. d. judithae – L. d. melisandae – L. d. vetula
Name

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823
References

Lichtenstein, M.H.C. 1823. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen. 118 pp. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss./ T. Trautwein, Berlin. Original description p.82 no.846 BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.40281 Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Swartrugmeeu
العربية: نورس عشب البحر
azərbaycanca: Dominikan qağayısı
български: Доминиканска чайка
català: Gavià de Lichtenstein
čeština: Racek jižní
Cymraeg: Gwylan y De
Deutsch: Dominikanermöwe
English: Kelp Gull
Esperanto: Dominikana mevo
español: Gaviota dominicana
فارسی: کاکایی دومینیکن
suomi: Etelänselkälokki
français: Goéland dominicain
עברית: שחף הקלפ
italiano: Zafferano meridionale
日本語: ミナミオオセグロカモメ
Māori: Karoro
Nederlands: Kelpmeeuw
norsk nynorsk: Taremåse
norsk: Taremåke
Diné bizaad: Shádiʼááhdę́ę́ʼ tónteel tsídii binághah diłhiłígíí
polski: Mewa południowa
português do Brasil: Gaivotão
русский: Доминиканская чайка
svenska: Kelptrut
Tiếng Việt: Mòng biển tảo bẹ

The kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), also known as the Dominican gull, is a gull that breeds on coasts and islands through much of the Southern Hemisphere. The nominate L. d. dominicanus is the subspecies found around South America, parts of Australia (where it overlaps with the Pacific gull), and New Zealand (where it is known as the black-backed gull, the southern black-backed gull, mollyhawk[2] – particularly the juveniles,[3] or by its Māori name karoro). L. d. vetula (known as the Cape gull) is a subspecies occurring around Southern Africa.

The specific name comes from the Dominican Order of friars, who wear black and white habits.[4]
Description

The kelp gull superficially resembles two gulls from further north in the Atlantic Ocean, the lesser black-backed gull and the great black-backed gull, and is intermediate in size between these two species. This species ranges from 54 to 65 cm (21 to 26 in) in total length, from 128 to 142 cm (50 to 56 in) in wingspan and from 540 to 1,390 g (1.19 to 3.06 lb) in weight. Adult males and females weigh on average 1,000 g (2.2 lb) and 900 g (2.0 lb) respectively. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 37.3 to 44.8 cm (14.7 to 17.6 in), the bill is 4.4 to 5.9 cm (1.7 to 2.3 in) and the tarsus is 5.3 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in).[5][6][7] The adult kelp gull has black upper parts and wings. The head, underparts, tail, and the small "mirrors" at the wing tips are white. The bill is yellow with a red spot, and the legs are greenish-yellow (brighter and yellower when breeding, duller and greener when not breeding). The call is a strident ki-och. Juveniles have dull legs, a black bill, a dark band in the tail, and an overall grey-brown plumage densely edged whitish, but they rapidly get a pale base to the bill and largely white head and underparts. They take three or four years to reach maturity.
Subspecies

There are five subspecies of kelp gull. The African subspecies L. d. vetula is sometimes split as the Cape gull, L. vetula. It has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill. The adult has a dark eye, whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye. Young Cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls.

L. d. dominicanus, (Lichtenstein, 1823): South America, Falklands, South Georgia, Australia & New Zealand
L. d. vetula, (Bruch, 1853): Southern Africa
L. d. judithae, (Jiguet, 2002): subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean
L. d. melisandae, (Jiguet, 2002): southern & southwestern Madagascar
L. d. austrinus, (Fleming, 1924): Antarctica & Antarctic islands

The kelp gull is a rare vagrant to the United States, with the first record in 1989 on Chandeleur Islands in Louisiana. They have interbred with American herring gull on these islands, leading to intermediate birds that may backcross to one another. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, breeding populations of the two species and their hybrids were displaced from the island, though putative hybrids have been reported elsewhere and may be the result of other offshore colonies. [8]
Behaviour

Kelp gulls are omnivores like most Larus gulls, and they will scavenge as well as seek suitable small prey. They gather on landfills and a sharp increase in population is therefore considered as an indicator for a degraded environment.[9] Kelp gulls have been observed feeding on living right whales since at least 1996.[10] The kelp gull uses its powerful beak to peck down centimetres into the skin and blubber, often leaving the whales with large open sores, some of which have been observed to be half a meter in diameter. This predatory behavior has been documented in Argentinian waters.[11] At rocky sites along the Southern African coast, such as at Boulders Beach in Cape Town, kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus vetula) can be seen picking up shellfish and repeatedly flying up several meters and dropping them onto the rocks below in order to break them open.[12] They have also been reported pecking the eyes out of seal pups on the coast of Namibia before attacking the blind seals in a group.[13]

The nest is a shallow depression on the ground lined with vegetation and feathers. The female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs.[14] Both parents feed the young birds.
Gallery

Cape gull (Larus dominicanus vetula or Larus vetula)

The Cape gull differs from other forms of kelp gulls by its darker iris and larger body and bill size. The Southern African population is estimated to include 11,000 breeding pairs, and is expanding.[15]
References

BirdLife International (2018). "Larus dominicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694329A132542863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694329A132542863.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Southern black-backed gull | New Zealand Birds Online".
"Mollyhawk definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
"Shelly Farr Biswell", "Southern Black-Backed Gulls", New Zealand Geographic, number 73, May–June 2005
Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia by Klaus Malling Olsen & Hans Larsson. Princeton University Press (2004). ISBN 978-0691119977.
Harrison, Peter, Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1991), ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1
CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
Ayyash, Amar. "Another Presumed Chandeleur Gull in Indiana". Retrieved 2021-08-23.
Cf. José Felipe M. Pereira, Aves e Pássaros Comuns do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books, ISBN 978-85-61368-00-5, pg.55
Increased harassment of Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) by Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) at Península Valdés, Argentina. Rowntree, V.J., P. MacGuiness, K. Marshall, R. Payne, J. Seger, and M. Sironi, 1998. Marine Mammal Science. 14(1): 99 - 115. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00693.x
Gulls' vicious attacks on whales. BBC News, June 24, 2009.
Siegfried WR (1977) Mussel dropping behaviour of Kelp Gulls. S Afr J Sci 73:337 - 341
Bittel, Jason (17 August 2015). "Seagulls Have a Gruesome New Way of Attacking Baby Seals". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
"Kelp gull – Australian Antarctic Program". Australian Antarctic Program. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2024-06-19.

Underhill, Les; Cooper, John. "Kelp Gull (Larus Dominicanus Vetula) "Cape Gull"". UCT Animal Demography Unit. Retrieved 2020-12-22.

Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002) ISBN 1-86872-721-1