Ictinaetus malaiensis

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Aquilinae
Genus: Ictinaetus
Species: Ictinaetus malaiensis
Subspecies: I. m. malaiensis – I. m. perniger
Name

Ictinaetus malaiensis (Temminck, 1822)
Synonymy

Falco malaiensis (protonym)
Ictinaetus malayensis (orth. err.)

References

Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux livr.20: pl.117.

Vernacular names
বাংলা: কালো ঈগল
čeština: Orel indomalajský
dansk: Indisk Sortørn
Deutsch: Malaienadler
English: Black Eagle
español: Águila milana
suomi: Rosvokotka
français: Aigle noir
Bahasa Indonesia: Elang Hitam
italiano: Aquila nera
日本語: カザノワシ
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Lang Hitam
Nederlands: Indische Zwarte Arend
norsk: Svartørn
polski: Orlik malajski
русский: Орёл-яйцеед
தமிழ்: கரும்பருந்து
ไทย: นกอินทรีดำ
Türkçe: Kara kartal
Tiếng Việt: Đại bàng đen
The black eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis) is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae, and is the only member of the genus Ictinaetus. They soar over forests in the hilly regions of tropical and subtropical South and Southeast Asia, as well as southeastern China. They hunt mammals and birds, particularly at their nests. They are easily identified by their widely splayed and long primary "fingers", the characteristic silhouette, slow flight and yellow ceres and legs that contrast with their dark feathers.
Taxonomy and systematics

The species name is spelt malayensis in most publications but the original spelling used by Temminck in his description uses the spelling malaiensis according to a 2011 finding of some of the original covers of the part publications leading to taxonomists applying the principle of priority and rejecting any later spelling emendations.[3]

A molecular phylogenetic study of the Accipitridae published in 2024 found that the black eagle is sister to the three spotted eagles in the genus Clanga.[4]

Two subspecies are recognised:[5]

I. m. perniger (Hodgson, 1836) – north India and Nepal, Bhutan, south India and Sri Lanka
I. m. malaiensis (Temminck, 1822) – Myanmar to south China, southeast Asia and Indonesian Archipelago (except Lesser Sunda Islands)

Description
Black eagle wing span

The black eagle is a large but slender eagle, at about 75 cm (30 in) in length and 148 to 182 cm (4 ft 10 in to 6 ft 0 in) in wingspan. Despite its large appearance (it is one of the largest eagles in its range), known weights are relatively modest, at between 1,000 and 1,600 g (2.2 and 3.5 lb), about half the weight of the partially sympatric mountain hawk-eagle, the latter being of a similar total length. Adults have all-black plumage, with a yellow bill base (cere) and feet. The wings are long and pinched in at the innermost primaries giving a distinctive shape. The tail shows faint barring and upper tail covers are paler. When perched the wing tips reach till or exceed the tail tip. The wings are held in a shallow V (wings just above the horizontal plane) in flight. Seen on hot afternoons, scouring the treetops for a nest to maraud, this bird is easily spotted by its jet black colour, large size, and a characteristic slow flight, sometimes just above the canopy.[6]

Sexes are similar, but young birds have a buff head, underparts and underwing coverts. The wing shape helps to distinguish this species from the dark form of changeable hawk-eagle, (Nisaetus cirrhatus). The tarsi are fully feathered and the toes are relatively stout and short with long claws (particularly on the inner toe[7]) that are less strongly curved than in other birds of prey.[8]
Distribution and habitat

The black eagle breeds in tropical and subtropical Asia. Race perniger (Hodgson, 1836) is found in the Himalayan foothills west through Nepal into the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, and in the forests of the Eastern and Western Ghats in peninsular India and Sri Lanka.[9][10][11] The bird's westernmost extent is from Gujarat, especially in the forested areas in southern and eastern Gujarat.[12] The species also extends into the Aravalli range of northwestern India.[13] The nominate race malaiensis (Temminck, 1822) is found in Burma, southern China (Yunnan, Fujian) and Taiwan, into Southeast Asia. They are generally residents and no migrations have been observed.[14] In a study in southern India, it was found to favour forests with good forest cover and was absent from areas where the cover was less than 50%.[15]
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding

The courtship display involves steep dives with folded wings with swoops up in a U shape into a vertical stall.[6] They build a platform nest, 3 to 4 feet wide, on a tall tree overlooking a steep valley. One or two white eggs which are blotched in brown and mauve may be laid during the nesting season between January and April.[16][17][18] The nest site may be reused year after year.[8]

Black eagle nest
Black eagle nest
Black eagle bringing materials for nesting.
Black eagle bringing materials for nesting.
The primaries are long and well splayed out in slow flight
The primaries are long and well splayed out in slow flight

Food and feeding

The black eagle eats mammals (including bats,[19] squirrels and other small mammals), birds and eggs. It is a prolific nest-predator and is known for its slow flight just over the canopy.[6] The curved claws and wide gape allow it to pick up eggs of birds from nests as well as swiftlets from caves.[20][19] Along with swallow-tailed kites they share the unique habit of carrying away an entire nest with nestlings to a feeding perch.[21] Squirrels, macaques and many species of birds emit alarm calls when these birds are spotted soaring over the forest. The Indian giant squirrel has been noted as a prey of this species[22] and young bonnet macaques may also fall prey to them.[23]
Threats and survival

It is not threatened but uncommon in large areas in its distribution. Shrinking of forested areas due to large-scale extraction has reduced its earlier range.
Relationship to humans

Due to this eagle's ability to remain aloft for long periods with minimal effort, the Lepcha people of India's Darjeeling district described it as a bird that never sat down, while the Soliga people's name (Kaana Kattale) recalls its black colour and its presence in relatively forested areas.[24][25]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Ictinaetus malaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696019A93538909. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696019A93538909.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
Lebossé, A. & Bour, R. (2011). "The first twenty livraisons of "Les Planches Coloriées d'Oiseaux" of Temminck & Laugier (1820‐1839): I. The ten wrappers now known". Zoological Bibliography. 1 (4): 141‐150.
Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 104.
Hodgson, B.H. (1843). "Description of a new genus of Falconidae". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 127–128.
Ali S & SD Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 283–285.
Prater, S.H. (1940). "The Indian Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayanus perniger Hodgs.) in Salsette". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (4): 899.
Rao, VUS (1968). "The Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis perniger within Bombay limits". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8 (12): 6–7.
Burgess, H.E. (1937). "Eagles on the Nilgiris". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (2): 399–403.
Parasharya, B. M. (27 February 2010). "Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis at Narmada Dam, Gujarat". Indian Birds. 6: 95–96 – via Research Gate.
Dharmakumarsinhji, KS (1985). "The Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Temm. at Sawai Madhopur, (Rajasthan)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (3): 655.
Tordoff, A.W. (2002). "Raptor migration at Hoang Lien Nature Reserve, northern Vietnam" (PDF). Forktail. 18: 45–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10.
Thiollay, Jean-Marc (1993). "Response of a Raptor Community to Shrinking Area and Degradation of Tropical Rain Forest in the South Western Ghats (India)". Ecography. 16 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00062.x.
Buchanan, Kenneth (1899). "Nesting of the Black Eagle". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (4): 776–777.
Daly, W Mahon (1899). "Nesting of the Black Eagle". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (3): 589.
Baker, ECS (1918). "Notes on the nidification of some Indian Falconidae. III. the genera Ictinaetus and Microhierax". Ibis. 60 (1): 51–68. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1918.tb00770.x.BHL
Smythies, Bertram (1968). The Birds of Borneo (2nd edn). Oliver and Boyd: Edinburgh. ISBN 9780050015308.
Nijman, V (2004). "Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behavior of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 16: 25–32. doi:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Coulson, Jennifer O. (2001). "Swallow-tailed Kites Carry Passerine Nests Containing Nestlings to Their Own Nests". The Wilson Bulletin. 113 (3): 340–342. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0340:STKCPN]2.0.CO;2.
Borges, Renee (1986). "Predation attempt by Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis perniger) on Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica elphinstonii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83: 203.
Ali, Rauf (1986). "Feeding ecology of the Bonnet Macaque at the Mundanthurai Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (1): 98–110.
Swann, H. Kirke (1924–1945). Alexander Wetmore (ed.). A Monograph of the Birds of Prey (Order Accipitres), Part XI. Wheldon & Wesley, London. p. 93.

Srinivas, Prashanth. "Soligas: the people of the forest". JLRExplore. Retrieved 23 December 2018.

Historical publications

Illustration and description (in French) by Temminck (Pl. Col. vol. 1, plate 117, pages 104–105.)
1836 original description of Nepalese race as Aquila Pernigra by B. H. Hodgson (now a subspecies I. m. perniger).
1843 proposal of new genus Heteropus by Hodgson, separated from Aquila based on the unusual form of the black eagle's foot. With a footnote by Blyth noting that Jerdon had sent specimens to the museum labeled Ictinaëtus ovivorus. Text and illustration.