Glaucidium cobanense

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Strigiformes

Familia: Strigidae
Subfamilia: Surniinae
Genus: Glaucidium
Species: Glaucidium cobanense
Name

Glaucidium cobanense Sharpe, 1875
References

Ibis - the International Journal of Avian Science, published by the British Ornithologists' Union p. 260

Vernacular names
čeština: Kulíšek guatemalský
English: Guatemalan Pygmy-Owl

he Guatemalan pygmy owl (Glaucidium cobanense) is a small "typical owl" in subfamily Surniinae. However, some taxonomic systems consider it to be a subspecies of northern pygmy owl (G. gnoma).[3][4][5] It is found in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.[5]
Taxonomy and systematics

The Guatemalan pygmy owl's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) consider it a distinct species.[3][4] The North American Classification Committee (NACC) of the American Ornithological Society rejected that definition and treats it as a subspecies of northern pygmy owl.[6] The Clements taxonomy follows the NACC treatment.[5]
Description

The Guatemalan pygmy owl is about 17 cm (6.7 in) long. Adults have two color morphs, one mostly rufous and the other gray-brown, though there are some intergrades between them. The rufous morph is more common. The head and upperparts are the basal color with paler spots, and the tail is the same color with four paler bands on its underside. The nape has a pair of black and white marks that resemble eyes. The rufous morph has small buffy spots on its forecrown. The breasts are pale with heavy streaking of the basal color. It has an ill-defined facial disc with pale "eyebrows" and "moustaches". Its beak, eyes, and feet are yellow.[7][8]
Distribution and habitat

The Guatemalan pygmy owl is found from Mexico's Chiapas state through Guatemala into Honduras.[8] It inhabits the edges and openings of several montane landscapes including pine savannah, pine-oak forest, and cloudforest. It is usually found above 1,600 m (5,200 ft) of elevation.[7]
Behavior
Movement

The Guatemalan pygmy owl is believed to be mostly resident but some seasonal elevational movement is possible.[8]
Feeding

The Guatemalan pygmy owl's diet and hunting habits have not been separately described from those of the northern pygmy owl as a whole. That species takes a very wide variety of prey including reptiles, mammals, birds, and arthropods. It is primarily a daytime hunter and probably hunts into the evening as well.[8]
Breeding

The Guatemalan pygmy owl's breeding phenology has not been separately described from that of the northern pygmy owl as a whole. That species appears to be seasonally monogamous and defends a nesting territory. It nests in tree cavities, both natural and made by woodpeckers. The cavity may be lined with feathers and strips of soft bark. Clutch sizes of two to seven have been reported. Incubation length and time to fledging have not been well defined. The female alone incubates eggs and broods nestlings; the male does most of the provisioning.[8]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Vocalization

The Guatemalan pygmy owl's call is "a rapid series of toot notes...with little or no pause...toot-toot-toot-toot'toot-toot'toot-toot...."[7]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the Guatemalan pygmy owl as being of Least Concern, though its population size is unknown and believed to be decreasing. No specific threats have been identified.[1] It is considered locally uncommon throughout its range.[7]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Guatemalan Pygmy-owl Glaucidium cobanense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T61791597A95181252. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61791597A95181252.en. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 12.1)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved 25 August 2021
R. Terry Chesser, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2013, vol. 130:1-14 retrieved March 7, 2022
Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
Holt, D. W. and J. L. Petersen (2020). Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.nopowl.01 retrieved March 7, 2022