Geranospiza caerulescens

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Buteoninae
Genus: Geranospiza
Species: Geranospiza caerulescens
Subspecies: G. c. balzarensis – G. c. caerulescens – G. c. flexipes – G. c. gracilis – G. c. livens – G. c. nigra
Name

Geranospiza caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817)
Synonymy

Sparvius caerulescens (protonym)

References

Vieillot, L.P. 1817. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature. Tome 10. 591 pp. + 5 tt. Déterville, Paris. p. 318 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
dansk: Tranehøg
Deutsch: Sperberweihe
English: Crane Hawk
español: Azor Zancón
français: Buse échasse
italiano: Sparviero trampoliere
polski: Jastrzębiec
português: Gavião-pernilongo

The crane hawk (Geranospiza caerulescens) is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is the only species placed in the genus Geranospiza.[2]
In flight
Taxonomy

The crane hawk used to be many species that were recently[when?] lumped into one. Those species are now designated as subspecies. Color varies clinally, though, and it is now commonly accepted that they comprise one species. There are also two species of harrier-hawks in Africa of the genus Polyboroides that, while they are morphologically and behaviorally similar, are not very closely related. They serve as a good example of convergent evolution.[3]

Six subspecies are recognised:[4]

G. c. livens Bangs & Penard, TE, 1921 – northwest Mexico
G. c. nigra (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847) – Mexico to central Panama
G. c. balzarensis Sclater, WL, 1918 – east Panama to northwest Peru
G. c. caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817) – east Colombia to the Guianas to east Peru and Amazonian Brazil
G. c. gracilis (Temminck, 1821) – northeast Brazil
G. c. flexipes Peters, JL, 1935 – south Brazil to Paraguay, Bolivia, north Argentina and Uruguay

Habitat and distribution

Crane hawks occur in tropical lowlands at the edge of forests and are almost always closely associated with water. It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Uruguay, and Venezuela. They are an irruptive and local migrant, probably moving in response to changing water conditions.[3]
Behavior

These hawks often forage by scanning from a perch or on the wing and swooping down to grab prey. However, they are notable for having “double-jointed” tarsal bones, allowing them to reach into tree cavities and extract prey, a trait they share with the genus of African harrier-hawks Polyboroides. Their main prey are small vertebrates, especially rodents, bats, lizards, snakes, frogs and small birds (especially nestlings of parrots and woodpeckers), but they have also been known to eat larger insects (such as beetles, cicadas and cockroaches), spiders, other arthropods and snails.[3][5][6][page needed]

During breeding, nests are built in tree canopies, often in clumps of orchids or other epiphytes. The nest is a shallow cup of twigs, anywhere from 10–25 metres up in a tree. Clutches are usually 1-2 white-or-bluish-tinged eggs.[3]
Conservation

Nowhere is the crane hawk particularly common, but it is still widely distributed. However, it is considered threatened in Mexico, endangered in El Salvador, and at low risk in Argentina.[3]
References

BirdLife International (2020). "Geranospiza caerulescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22695729A168785689. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695729A168785689.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
"ITIS Report: Geranospiza". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
Gómez, César (July 27, 2012). "Geranospiza caerulescens". Global Raptor Information Network. The Peregrine Fund. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
Persad, Amrit (2017). "Geranospiza caerulescens (Crane Hawk)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D.A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Helm Identification Guides. Illustrations by Franklin, K., Mead, D. & Burton, P. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0618127623.