Elliotomyia chionogaster

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Apodiformes

Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Elliotomyia
Species: Elliotomyia chionogaster
Subspecies: E. c. chionogaster – E. c. hypoleuca
Name

Elliotomyia chionogaster (Tschudi, 1846)
Synonyms

Trochilus chionogaster (protonym)
Leucippus chionogaster (Tschudi, 1846)
Amazilia chionogaster (Tschudi, 1846)
Elliotia chionogaster (Tschudi, 1846)

References
Primary references

Tschudi, J.J. von mit anmerkungen von Cabanis, J. 1845–1846: Ornithologie. Pp. ii-xxx + 1–316, Pls. 36. In Tschudi, J.J. von, editor. Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana. St. Gallen, Switzerland Scheitlin and Zollikofer. 1844-46, in 12 parts. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.60791 BHLReference page. p. 39 p. 247 pl. 22 fig. 2

Additional references

McGuire, J.A., Witt, C.C., Remsen, Jr., J.V., Corl, A., Rabosky, D.L., Altshuler, D.L. & Dudley, R. 2014. Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of Hummingbirds. Current Biology 24: 910–916. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 Open access ErratumReference page.
Stiles, F.G., Piacentini, V.Q. & Remsen, Jr., J.V. 2017. A brief history of the generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): the chaos of the past and problems to be resolved. Zootaxa 4269(3): 396–412. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4269.3.4 PDF.Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: White-bellied Hummingbird
español: Amazilia ventrinívea
português do Brasil: beija-flor-verde-e-branco

The white-bellied hummingbird (Elliotomyia chionogaster) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.[4][5][6]
Taxonomy and systematics

The white-bellied hummingbird has at various times been placed in genera Leucippus and Elliotia, and until 2014 in Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the white-bellied hummingbird was placed by most taxonomic systems in a new genus Elliotomyia.[7] [8][9][3][4][10] However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains it in Amazilia.[5]

The white-bellied hummingbird shares genus Elliotomyia with the green-and-white hummingbird (E. viridicauda). It has two subspecies, the nominate E. c. chionogaster and E. c. hypoleuca.[4]
White-bellied hummingbird in Peru
Description

The white-bellied hummingbird is 9 to 12 cm (3.5 to 4.7 in) long. Males weigh 4.9 to 6.7 g (0.17 to 0.24 oz) and females 4.5 to 6 g (0.16 to 0.21 oz). Both sexes of both subspecies have a medium length straight bill with a blackish maxilla and a reddish mandible with a dark tip. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have brilliant light green upperparts, sides, and chest. Their undersides are whitish from the chin to the undertail coverts with golden-green spots on the sides of the throat and sometimes some green on the coverts. Their tail feathers are brilliant grayish green to golden green; the outer ones have white inner webs. Adult females are very similar to males, but with a light cream chin and throat that are more heavily spotted. Juveniles are similar to adult females with the cream of the throat extending to the belly.[11]

Both sexes of subspecies E. c. hypoleuca have creamy rather than white underparts and the white of the outer tail feather webs is reduced. Females also have white ends to the outer three pairs of tail feathers.[11]
Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of white-bellied hummingbird is found on the east slope of the Peruvian Andes between the departments of Amazonas and Cuzco. E. c. hypoleuca is found on the east slope from Puno Department in far southeastern Peru south through Bolivia into northwestern Argentina to La Rioja Province and east into the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The species inhabits semi-open landscapes such as forest edges, secondary forest, shrublands, cerrado, plantations, and gardens. It favors relatively dry areas having Cactaceae, Agave, or groves of Alnus or Eucalyptus. In elevation it is found mostly between 450 and 2,000 m (1,500 and 6,600 ft) and occasionally as high as 2,800 m (9,200 ft).[11]
Behavior
Movement

The white-bellied hummingbird is generally sedentary though some local dispersal has been noted in Argentina.[11]
Feeding

The white-bellied hummingbird forages for nectar at a wide variety of flowering plants, shrubs, and trees. Species of at least eight families have been documented as sources. In addition to nectar it feeds on small insects.[11]
Breeding

The white-bellied hummingbird's breeding season spans from January to March. It makes a cup nest of plant wool and moss with lichens on the outside and typically places it in a shrub or small tree between 2 and 5 m (7 and 20 ft) above the ground. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 14 to 15 days and fledging occurs 19 to 22 days after hatch.[11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to white-bellied hummingbird on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The song of the nominate white-bellied hummingbird subspecies is "a repeated short phrase typically comprising three squeaky notes, 'tseet-chew-chip … tseet-chew-chip …'." That of E. c. hypoleuca is "a series of single high-pitched, penetrating 'pseek' notes, occasionally followed by a lower-pitched, faster 'tsi-tsi-tsi-tsi'." Calls of both subspecies include "a high-pitched 'seeek' and a descending stuttering series."[11]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the white-bellied hummingbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered locally common. It might be threatened by habitat conversion to grazing land, especially in the more arid parts of its range.[11]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "White-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia chionogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.
Stiles, F. Gary; Remsen, J.V. Jr (2019). "The generic nomenclature of the Trochilini: a correction". Zootaxa. 4691 (2): 195–196. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4691.2.10. PMID 31719409.
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
Weller, A.A., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2021). White-bellied Hummingbird (Elliotomyia chionogaster), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whbhum1.01.1 retrieved September 22, 2022