Coturnix coturnix

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes

Familia: Phasianidae
Subfamilia: Perdicinae
Genus: Coturnix
Species: Coturnix coturnix
Subspecies: C. c. africana – C. c. conturbans – C. c. coturnix – C. c. erlangeri – C. c. inopinata
Name

Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Tetrao coturnix (protonym)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 161 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Afrikaanse kwartel
Alemannisch: Wachdl
aragonés: Gualla
العربية: سمان
asturianu: Parpayuela
авар: ЧӀороло
Aymar aru: Iwrupa khullu
azərbaycanca: Adi bildirçin
башҡортса: Бүҙәнә
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Перапёлка
беларуская: Перапёлка звычайная
български: Европейски пъдпъдък
বাংলা: পাতি বটেরা
brezhoneg: Koailh-soul
català: Guatlla comuna
нохчийн: Лекъ
corsu: Quagliula cumuna
čeština: Křepelka polní
чӑвашла: Путене
Cymraeg: Sofliar
dansk: Almindelig vagtel
Deutsch: Wachtel
dolnoserbski: Paśpula
Ελληνικά: Ορτύκι
English: Common Quail
Esperanto: Komuna koturno
español: Codorniz común
eesti: Poldvutt
euskara: Galeper arrunt
فارسی: بلدرچین
suomi: Tavallinen viiriäinen
føroyskt: Vaktil
Nordfriisk: Bipkerwik
français: Caille des blés
furlan: Cuaie
Frysk: Gewoane kwartel
Gaeilge: Gearg choiteann
Gàidhlig: Gearradh Gort
galego: Paspallás común
Gaelg: Quayl
עברית: שליו נודד
हिन्दी: बटेर
hrvatski: Obična prepelica
hornjoserbsce: Pocpula
magyar: Közönséges fürj
հայերեն: Լոր
Bahasa Indonesia: Puyuh biasa
Ido: Qualio
íslenska: Kornhæna
italiano: Quaglia comune
日本語: ヨーロッパウズラ
Jawa: Gemak biasa
Taqbaylit: Timarḍifelt
ქართული: მწყერი
қазақша: Бөдене
한국어: 메추라기
kurdî: Zirsûsik
kernowek: Rynk
Ladino: Caia
Latina: Coturnix
лакку: ХхюнчӀа
Lëtzebuergesch: Wuechtel
Ligure: Quaggia
Limburgs: Kwartel
lietuvių: Paprastoji putpelė
latviešu: Parastais paipala
Malagasy: Papelika mahazatra
македонски: Обична потполошка
മലയാളം: ചാരക്കാട
монгол: Бүднэ
кырык мары: Выльдырцан
Malti: Summiena
Nāhuatl: Caxtillān zōlin
Nedersaksies: Kwartel
Plattdüütsch: Kweddeltien
नेपाली: बट्टाई
Nederlands: Gewone kwartel
norsk nynorsk: Vanlig vaktel
norsk: Vanlig vaktel
Nouormand: Caille
Sesotho sa Leboa: Sekhwiri
Diné bizaad: Díłdánii yił aheełtʼéhii
occitan: Catla
ирон: Уæрцц
polski: Przepiórka zwyczajna
Piemontèis: Quaja
پنجابی: عام کوئل
português: Codorniz-comum
romani čhib: Dropya
rumantsch: Quacra europeica
română: Prepeliță comun
русский: Обыкновенный перепел
саха тыла: Хонуу бочугураһа
Scots: Quail
sardu: Xrěcchibi
davvisámegiella: Goaktil
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Obična prepelica
slovenčina: Prepelica poľná
slovenščina: Prepelica
chiShona: Huta
shqip: Shkurta
српски / srpski: Obična prepelica - oбична препелица
Sesotho: Koekoe
svenska: Vanlig vaktel
Kiswahili: Tombo
தமிழ்: நாட்டுக் காடை
ไทย: นกคุ่มญี่ปุ่น
Türkmençe: Bıldırcın
Tagalog: Karaniwang pugo
Setswana: Tshosabannê
Türkçe: Bayağı bıldırcın
удмурт: Бӧдёно
українська: Перепілка звичайна
vèneto: Quaja
Tiếng Việt: Cay nhật bản
West-Vlams: Geweune kwakkel
isiXhosa: Isagwityi
Zeêuws: Kwakkel
中文（简体）: 鹌鹑
中文（繁體）: 鵪鶉
isiZulu: isiGwaca

The common quail (Coturnix coturnix), or European quail, is a small ground-nesting game bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is mainly migratory, breeding in the western Palearctic and wintering in Africa and southern India.

With its characteristic call of three repeated chirps (repeated three times in quick succession), this species of quail is more often heard than seen. It is widespread in Europe and North Africa, and is categorised by the IUCN as "least concern". It should not be confused with the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), native to Asia, which, although visually similar, has a call that is very distinct from that of the common quail. Like the Japanese quail, common quails are sometimes kept as poultry.
Taxonomy

The common quail was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tetrao coturnix.[2] The specific epithet coturnix is the Latin word for the common quail.[3] This species is now placed in the genus Coturnix that was introduced in 1764 by the French naturalist François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault.[4][5][6] The common quail was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).[7] The ranges of the two species meet in Mongolia and near Lake Baikal without apparent interbreeding and in captivity the offspring of crosses show reduced fertility.[8][9] The Japanese quail is therefore now treated as a separate species.[6]

Five subspecies are recognised:[6]

C. c. coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeding in Europe and northwest Africa to Mongolia and north India, wintering in Africa and central, south India
C. c. conturbans Hartert, 1917 – Azores
C. c. inopinata Hartert, 1917 – Cape Verde Islands
C. c. africana Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 – sub-Saharan Africa and the three islands
C. c. erlangeri Zedlitz, 1912 – east and northeast Africa

Description

The common quail is a small compact gallinaceous bird 16–18 cm (6+1⁄2–7 in) in length with a wingspan of 32–35 cm (12+1⁄2–14 in).[10] The weight is 70 to 140 g (2+1⁄2 to 5 oz). It is greatest before migration at the end of the breeding season. The female is generally slightly heavier than the male.[9] It is streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. As befits its migratory nature, it has long wings, unlike the typically short-winged gamebirds. According to Online Etymology Dictionary, "small migratory game bird of the Old World, late 14c. (early 14c. as a surname, Quayle), from Old French quaille (Modern French caille), perhaps via Medieval Latin quaccula (source also of Provençal calha, Italian quaglia, Portuguese calha, Old Spanish coalla), or directly from a Germanic source (compare Dutch kwakkel, Old High German quahtala, German Wachtel, Old English wihtel), imitative of the bird's cry. Or the English word might have come up indigenously from Proto-Germanic."[11]
Distribution and habitat

This is a terrestrial species, feeding on seeds and insects on the ground. It is notoriously difficult to see, keeping hidden in crops, and reluctant to fly, preferring to creep away instead. Even when flushed, it keeps low and soon drops back into cover. Often the only indication of its presence is the distinctive "wet-my-lips" repetitive song of the male. The call is uttered mostly in the mornings, evenings and sometimes at night. It is a strongly migratory bird, unlike most game birds.

The common quail has been introduced onto the island of Mauritius on several occasions but has failed to establish itself and is now probably extinct.[12]
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
Eggs

Males generally arrive in the breeding area before the females. In northern Europe laying begins from the middle of May, and with repeat laying can continue to the end of August. The female forms a shallow scrape in the ground 7–13.5 cm (2+3⁄4–5+1⁄4 in) in diameter which is sparsely lined with vegetation. The eggs are laid at 24-hour intervals to form a clutch of between 8 and 13 eggs. These have an off-white to creamy yellow background with dark brown spots or blotches. Their average dimensions are 30 mm × 23 mm (1+1⁄8 in × 7⁄8 in) with a weight of 8 g (1⁄4 oz). The eggs are incubated by the female alone beginning after all the eggs are laid. The eggs hatch synchronously after 17–20 days. The young are precocial and shortly after hatching leave the nest and can feed themselves. They are cared for by the female who broods them while they are small. The young fledge when around 19 days of age but stay in the family group for 30–50 days. They generally first breed when one year old and only have a single brood.[13]
Relationship to humans
See also: Quail as food

The common quail is heavily hunted as game on passage through the Mediterranean area. Very large numbers are caught in nets along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It is estimated that in 2012, during the autumn migration, 3.4 million birds were caught in northern Sinai and perhaps as many as 12.9 million in the whole of Egypt.[14]

This species over recent years has seen an increase in its propagation in the United States and Europe. However, most of this increase is with hobbyists. It is declining in parts of its range such as Ireland.

In 1537, Queen Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII, then pregnant with the future King Edward VI, developed an insatiable craving for quail, and courtiers and diplomats abroad were ordered to find sufficient supplies for the Queen.
Poisoning

If common quails have eaten certain plants, although which plants is still in debate, the meat from quail can be poisonous, with one in four who consume poisonous flesh becoming ill with coturnism, which is characterized by muscle soreness, and which may lead to kidney failure.[15][16][17]
In culture

In the Bible, the Book of Numbers chapter 11 describes a story of a huge mass of quails that were blown by a wind and were taken as meat by the Israelites in the wilderness.[18]

See also

Quails in cookery

References

BirdLife International (2018). "Coturnix coturnix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678944A131904485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 161.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Garsault, François Alexandre Pierre de (1764). Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Geoffroy Medecin (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Desprez. Plate 686.
Welter-Schultes, F.W.; Klug, R. (2009). "Nomenclatural consequences resulting from the rediscovery of Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine, a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 66 (3): 225–241 [233]. doi:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 92.
Moreau, R.E.; Wayre, P. (1968). "On the Palaearctic quails". Ardea. 56 (3–4): 209–227.
Cramp 1980, p. 503.
Cramp 1980, p. 496.
Hume, A.O.; Marshall, C.H.T. (1880). Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. II. Calcutta: A.O. Hume and C.H.T. Marshall. p. 148.
Safford, Roger; Basque, Rémy (2007). "Records of migrants and amendments to the status of exotics on Mauritius in 1989–93". Bulletin of the African Bird Club. 14 (1): 26–35 [30]. doi:10.5962/p.309797.
Cramp 1980, pp. 501–502.
Eason, P.; Rabia, B.; Attum, O. (2016). "Hunting of migratory birds in North Sinai, Egypt". Bird Conservation International. 26 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1017/S0959270915000180.
Korkmaz, İ.; Kukul Güven, F.M.; Eren, Ş.H.; Dogan, Z. (2011). "Quail consumption can be harmful". Journal of Emergency Medicine. 41 (5): 499–502. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.03.045. PMID 18963719.
Tsironi, M.; Andriopoulos, P.; Xamodraka, E.; Deftereos, S.; Vassilopoulos, A.; Asimakopoulos, G.; Aessopos, A. (2004). "The patient with rhabdomyolysis: Have you considered quail poisoning?". CMAJ. 171 (4): 325–326. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031256. PMC 509041. PMID 15313988.
Ouzounellis, T. (1970). "Some notes on quail poisoning". JAMA. 211 (7): 1186–7. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170070056017. PMID 4904256.

Numbers 11:31-35

Sources

Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Coturnix coturnix Quail". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. II: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 496–503. ISBN 978-0-19-857505-4.