Coracias garrulus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Coraciiformes

Familia: Coraciidae
Genus: Coracias
Species: Coracias garrulus
Subspecies: C. g. garrulus – C. g. semenowi
Name

Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758
References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 107. Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Europese troupant
العربية: شقراق أوروبي
azərbaycanca: Dra-dra göycəqarğa
žemaitėška: Šilvarnis
башҡортса: Күк ҡарға
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Сіваграк
беларуская: Сіваграк звычайны
български: Синявица
brezhoneg: Korag-Europa
català: Gaig blau comú
čeština: Mandelík hajní
чӑвашла: Кăвак курак
Cymraeg: Rholydd
dansk: Ellekrage
Deutsch: Blauracke
Ελληνικά: Χαλκοκουρούνα
English: European Roller
Esperanto: Eŭropa koracio
español: Carraca
eesti: Siniraag
euskara: Karraka
فارسی: سبزقبای وراج
suomi: Sininärhi
føroyskt: Bláfjatla
français: Rollier d'Europe
galego: Gaio azul
עברית: כחל מצוי
hrvatski: Zlatovrana
magyar: Európai szalakóta
հայերեն: Ներկարար
italiano: Ghiandaia marina
日本語: ニシブッポウソウ
ქართული: ჩვეულებრივი ყაპყაპი
қазақша: Көкқарға
kurdî: Qelaşînk
lietuvių: Žalvarnis
latviešu: Zaļā vārna
македонски: Модроврана
Nederlands: Scharrelaar
norsk nynorsk: Blåråke
norsk: Blåråke
polski: Kraska zwyczajna
پښتو: ټغ
português: Rolieiro-europeu
română: Dumbrăveancă
русский: Сизоворонка
slovenčina: Krakľa belasá
slovenščina: Zlatovranka
српски / srpski: Модроврана
svenska: Blåkråka
தமிழ்: ஐரோப்பிய பனங்காடை
Türkçe: Gökkuzgun
українська: Сиворакша
Tiếng Việt: Sả châu Âu
中文: 蓝胸佛法僧

The European roller (Coracias garrulus) is the only member of the roller family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into the Maghreb, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, but avoids treeless plains. It usually nests in tree holes.
Taxonomy and systematics

The European roller was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under its current the binomial name Coracias garrulus.[2] The type locality is Sweden.[3] The generic name derives from Greek korakias referring to a type of crow, perhaps the red-billed chough. The specific epithet garrulus is from Latin and means 'chattering' in reference to the bird’s calls.[4][5] Alternate English names include the blue roller, common roller, Eurasian roller, or simply roller.[6]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018 found that the European roller was most closely related to the Abyssinian roller (Coracias abyssinicus).[7]

The phylogenetic relationships among the Coracias species are shown below, from the molecular study by Johansson et al. (2018)[7]

The rollers are medium-sized Old World birds of open woodland habitats. They have brightly coloured plumage and a hooked bill. Most species are found south of the Sahara. The genus Coracias contains eight species of sit-and-wait hunters. The European roller is similar in appearance and behaviour to the Abyssinian roller. These two birds and the lilac-breasted roller have been considered to form subspecies.[8]

Two subspecies are recognised:[9][10]

Western European roller (C. g. garrulus) Linnaeus, 1758: The nominate subspecies. Found in north-western Africa, southern Europe and east through north-western Iran to south-western Siberia.[11]
Eastern European roller (C. g. semenowi) Loudon & Tschusi, 1902:[12] It is also called Kashmir roller and lives in Iraq and southern Iran east through Kashmir and southern Kazakhstan to Xinjiang in western China.[11]

Description
At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar
At Hesaraghatta Lake
In flight, Hungary

The European roller is a stocky bird, the size of a Eurasian jay at 29–32 cm (11–13 in) in length with a 52–58 cm (20–23 in) wingspan.[13] It is mainly blue with an orange-brown back.[citation needed]

The European roller is striking in its strong direct flight, with the brilliant blue contrasting with black flight feathers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult. The display of this bird is like that of a lapwing, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The call is a harsh crow-like sound. It gives a raucous series of calls when nervous.[citation needed]
Distribution and habitat

The European roller is a bird of warmer regions. The nominate subspecies breeds in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in southern and east-central Europe, and eastwards through northwestern Iran to southwestern Siberia. The subspecies C. g. semenowi breeds from Iraq and southern Iran east through Kashmir and southern Kazakhstan to Xinjiang. The European range was formerly more extensive, but there has been a long-term decline in the north and west, with extinction as a nesting bird in Sweden and Germany. The European roller is a long-distance migrant, wintering in Africa south of the Sahara in two distinct regions, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west (with observations in the Degua Tembien mountains)[14] to Congo and south to South Africa.[11] Some populations migrate to Africa through India. A collision with an aircraft over the Arabian Sea has been recorded.[15][16]
Eggs of Coracias garrulus

It is a bird of warm, dry, open country with scattered trees, preferring lowlands, but occurs up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Morocco. Oak and pine woodlands with open areas are prime breeding habitat, but farms, orchards and similar areas with mixed vegetation are also used. In Africa, a similarly wide range of dry, open land with trees is used.[11] It winters primarily in dry, wooded savanna and bushy plains, where it typically nests in tree holes.
Migration

The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of roller migration, providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast.[17][18][19] European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Some population migrate through western India during August to November. The Sahel savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area around Lake Chad, appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring.[20][21] Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration.[20]
Behaviour and ecology

The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orange liquid onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest.[22]
Food and feeding

Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giant shrikes, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated by beetles, whereas nestlings mostly eat Orthoptera, such as grasshoppers and bush crickets.[23]
Breeding
A European roller bringing food to her nest

The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure 35 mm × 28 mm (1.4 in × 1.1 in). They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old.[24]

The maximum age recorded from ring-recovery data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland.[25]
Diseases

The European roller is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Moniliformis gracilis.[26]
Conservation status

The Eurasian roller has an extensive distribution in Europe and western Asia, and its European breeding population is estimated at 159,000 to 330,000 birds. When Asian breeders are added, this gives a global total population of 277,000 to 660,000 individuals. There have been fairly rapid population declines across much of its range, so it was formerly classified as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2005; it has, however, been downlisted to least concern in 2015, as population development was judged to not meet the criteria for a more urgent rating at this time.[1] The European population declined by 25% between 1990 and 2000. The northern areas of the breeding range have fared worst, with numbers in the Baltic states and northern Russia collapsing, and no birds left breeding in Estonia.[1][27]

Threats include hunting while on migration around the Mediterranean, and large numbers, possibly in the thousands, are killed for food in Oman. Agricultural practices have led to the loss of trees and hedges which provide potential nest sites and perches for hunting, and pesticides have reduced the availability of insect food.[1] At locations where foraging resources are abundant, providing nest boxes can be a useful short-term conservation solution; however, in other locations foraging habitat restoration is more important.[28]
References

BirdLife International (2019). "Coracias garrulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22682860A154424974. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22682860A154424974.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 107.
Peters, J. L. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 242.
Bewick, T. (1809). "The Roller". A history of British birds : the figures engraved on wood. Newcastle: Edward Walker, for T. Bewick. pp. 116–117.
Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 117, 171. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Fry, H. (2001). "European Roller (Coracius garrulus". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 373. ISBN 978-84-87334-30-6.
Johansson, U. S.; Irestedt, M.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2018). "Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 126: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.030. PMID 29631051. S2CID 5011292.
Hoyo, J. del; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "Coraciidae". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 September 2013. (subscription required)
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2021). "Rollers, ground rollers, kingfishers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
Del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "European Roller". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 23 November 2013. (subscription required)
Fry et al. (1992) pp. 298–300.
Loudon, H. v. F.; Von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. (1902). "Coracias garrulus semenowi Loudon & Tschusi nov. Subsp.". Ornithologisches Jahrbuch (in German). 13 (3, 4): 148–150.
Svensson, L.; Mullarney, K.; Zetterström, D. (2009). Collins Bird Guide (Second ed.). London: HarperCollins. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-00-726814-6.
Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
Satheesan, S M (1990). "Bird-aircraft collision at an altitude of 2424 m over the sea". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 87 (1): 145–148.
Catry, Inês; Catry, Teresa; Granadeiro, José Pedro; Franco, Aldina M. A.; Moreira, Francisco (25 June 2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (4): 1071–1075. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x. S2CID 17800650.
Emmenegger, T.; Mayet, P.; Duriez, O.; Hahn, S. (2013). "Directional shifts in migration pattern of rollers (Coracias garrulus) from a western European population". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (2): 427–433. doi:10.1007/s10336-013-1023-7. S2CID 15263301.
Catry, I.; Catry, T.; Granadeiro, J. P.; Franco, A. M. A.; Moreira, F. (2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (4): 1071–1075. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x. S2CID 17800650.
Rodríguez-Ruiz, J.; De la Puente, J.; Parejo, D.; Valera, F.; Calero-Torralbo, M. A.; Reyes-González, J. M.; Zajková, Z.; Bermejo, A.; Avilés, J. M. (2014). "Disentangling Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Iberian Near-Threatened European Rollers Coracias garrulus". PLoS One. 9 (12): e115615. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5615R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115615. PMC 4281181. PMID 25551212.
Finch, T.; Saunders, P.; Avilés, J. M.; Bermejo, A.; Catry, I.; de la Puente, J.; Emmenegger, T.; Mardega, I.; Mayet, P. (2015). "A pan-European, multipopulation assessment of migratory connectivity in a near-threatened migrant bird". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (9): 1051–1062. doi:10.1111/ddi.12345.
Finch, T.; Dunning, J.; Kiss, O.; Račinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Sniauksta, L.; Szekeres, O.; Tokody, B.; Franco, A. (2017). "Insights into the migration of the European Roller from ring recoveries". Journal of Ornithology. 158 (1): 83–90. doi:10.1007/s10336-016-1374-y. PMC 7175680. PMID 32355602.
Nascimento, F. S.; Parejo, D.; Avilés, J. M.; Peña, A.; Sánchez, L.; Ruano, F.; Zamora-Muñoz, C.; Martín-Vivaldi, M. (2013). "Armed Rollers: Does nestling's vomit function as a defence against predators?". PLoS One. 8 (7): e68862. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868862P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068862. PMC 3707886. PMID 23874791.
Catry, I.; Sampaio, A.; Silva, M.C.; Moreira, F.; Franco, A.M.A.; Catry, T. (2019). "Combining stable isotope analysis and conventional techniques to improve knowledge of the diet of the European Roller Coracias garrulus" (PDF). Ibis. 161 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1111/ibi.12625. S2CID 91151546.
Cramp 1985, p. 764.
"European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
Amin, O. M.; Heckmann, R. A.; Osama, M.; Evans, R. P. (2016). "Morphological and molecular descriptions of Moniliformis saudi sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology". Folia Parasitologica. 63. doi:10.14411/fp.2016.014. PMID 27189420.
Coracias garrulusLinnaeus, 1758 GBIF Estonia

Finch, T.; Branston, C.; Clewlow, H.; Dunning, J.; Franco, A. M. A.; Račinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Butler, S. J. (2019). "Context‐dependent conservation of the cavity‐nesting European Roller". Ibis. 161 (3): 573–589. doi:10.1111/ibi.12650.

Cited texts
Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1985). "Coracias garrulus Roller". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. IV: Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764–776. ISBN 978-0-19-857507-8.
Fry, C Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. London: Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7.