Circus aeruginosus

Circus aeruginosus , Photo: Michael Lahanas

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Circinae
Genus: Circus
Species: Circus aeruginosus
Subspecies: C. a. aeruginosus – C. a. harterti
Name

Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Falco aeruginosus (protonym)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 91. Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Europese Paddavreter
aragonés: Alica de laberca
العربية: مرزة البطائح
asturianu: Aguiluchu Prietu
azərbaycanca: Qamışlıq belibağlısı
беларуская: Балотны лунь
български: Тръстиков блатар
brezhoneg: Skoul-korz
català: Arpellot de marjal
čeština: Moták pochop
Cymraeg: Bod y gwerni
dansk: Rørhøg
Deutsch: Rohrweihe
Ελληνικά: Βαλτοσιάχινο
English: Western Marsh Harrier
Esperanto: Marĉa cirkuo
español: Aguilucho lagunero
eesti: Roo-loorkull
euskara: Arpella vulgar
suomi: Ruskosuohaukka
føroyskt: Blotaheykur
Nordfriisk: Raidiarn
français: Busard des roseaux
Gaeilge: Cromán mona
Gàidhlig: Clamhan loin
galego: Tartaraña das xunqueiras
Gaelg: Shirragh ny bogleeyn
עברית: זרון סוף
hrvatski: Eja Mocvarica
magyar: Barna rétihéja
հայերեն: Մկնաճուռակ ճահճային
Bahasa Indonesia: Elang rawa
íslenska: Brúnheiðir
italiano: Falco di palude
日本語: ヨーロッパチュウヒ
ქართული: ჭაობის ძელქორი
қазақша: Саз құладыны
한국어: 개구리매
lietuvių: Nendrinė lingė
latviešu: Niedru lija
македонски: Блатна еја
മലയാളം: കരിതപ്പി
монгол: Намгийн цагаан элэгт
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Lang Uban
Malti: Bugħadam Aħmar
Nederlands: Bruine kiekendief
norsk nynorsk: Sivhauk
norsk: Sivhauk
polski: Błotniak stawowy
português: Tartaranhão-ruivo-dos-pauis
rumantsch: Melv da channa
русский: Болотный лунь
slovenčina: Kaňa močiarna
slovenščina: Rjavi lunj
shqip: Shqipja e kenetes
српски / srpski: Eja močvarica - Eja мочварика
svenska: Brun kärrhök
Kiswahili: Kipondya wa Ulaya
தமிழ்: சேற்று பூனைப் பருந்து
ไทย: เหยี่ยวทุ่งพันธุ์ยูเรเซีย
Türkçe: Saz tuygunu
українська: Болотяний лунь
vèneto: Falco de val
Tiếng Việt: Diều đầu trắng
中文: 白头鹞

The western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is a large harrier, a bird of prey from temperate and subtropical western Eurasia and adjacent Africa. It is also known as the Eurasian marsh harrier. Formerly, a number of relatives were included in C. aeruginosus, which was then known as "marsh harrier". The related taxa are now generally considered to be separate species: the eastern marsh harrier (C. spilonotus), the Papuan harrier (C. spilothorax) of eastern Asia and the Wallacea, the swamp harrier (C. approximans) of Australasia and the Madagascar marsh harrier (C. maillardi) of the western Indian Ocean islands.

The western marsh harrier is often divided into two subspecies, the widely migratory C. a. aeruginosus which is found across most of its range, and C. a. harterti which is resident all-year in north-west Africa.
Taxonomy

The western marsh harrier was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Falco aeruginosus.[2] Linnaeus specified the locality as Europe but restricted this to Sweden in 1761.[3][4] The western marsh harrier is now placed in the genus Circus that was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[5][6] The genus name Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (kirkos, "circle"), probably the hen harrier. The specific aeruginosus is Latin for "rusty".[7]

Two subspecies are recognised:[6]

C. a. aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeding in Europe and the Middle East to central Asia south Europe, Africa, south Asia; wintering in south Europe, Africa and south Asia
C. a. harterti Zedlitz, 1914 – resident in northwest Africa

Description
A fairly pale adult female (note brown remiges and yellow eye) winters near Hodal (Faridabad district, Haryana, India)
Adult male (front), juvenile (behind) and adult female (back), illustration from 1899

The western marsh harrier is 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 in) in length, has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm (45 to 51 in) and a weight of 400 to 650 g (14 to 23 oz) in males and 550 to 800 g (19 to 28 oz) in females.[8] It is a large, bulky harrier, larger than other European harriers, with fairly broad wings, and is sexually dimorphic. The male's plumage is mostly a cryptic reddish-brown with lighter yellowish streaks, which are particularly prominent on the breast. The head and shoulders are mostly pale greyish-yellowish. The rectrices and the secondary and tertiary remiges are pure grey, the latter contrasting with the brown forewing and the black primary remiges at the wingtips. The upperside and underside of the wing look similar, though the brown is lighter on the underwing. Whether from the side or below, flying males appear characteristically three-colored brown-grey-black.[9] The legs, feet, irides and the cere of the black bill are yellow.[10]

The female is almost entirely chocolate-brown. The top of the head, the throat and the shoulders have of a conspicuously lighter yellowish colour; this can be clearly delimited and very contrasting, or (particularly in worn plumage) be more washed-out, resembling the male's head colours. But the eye area of the female is always darker, making the light eye stand out, while the male's head is altogether not very contrastingly coloured and the female lacks the grey wing-patch and tail. Juveniles are similar to females, but usually have less yellow, particularly on the shoulders.[9]

There is a rare hypermelanic morph with largely dark plumage. It is most often found in the east of the species' range. Juveniles of this morph may look entirely black in flight.
Distribution and habitat
The male is characterised by the very clear chestnut brown mantle and the grey secondaries and black outer primaries

This species has a wide breeding range from Europe and northwestern Africa to Central Asia and the northern parts of the Middle East. It breeds in almost every country of Europe but is absent from mountainous regions and subarctic Scandinavia. It is rare but increasing in Great Britain where it has spread as far as eastern Scotland.[11] In the Middle East there are populations in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, while in Central Asia the range extends eastwards as far as north-west China, Mongolia, and the Lake Baikal region of Siberia.

Most populations of the western marsh harrier are migratory or dispersive. Some birds winter in milder regions of southern and western Europe, while others migrate to the Sahel, Nile basin and Great Lakes region in Africa, or to Arabia, the Indian subcontinent, and Myanmar. The all-year resident subspecies harterti inhabits Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

Vagrants have reached Iceland, the Azores, Malaysia, and Sumatra. The first documented (but unconfirmed) record for the Americas was one bird reportedly photographed on 4 December 1994 at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge in Accomack County, Virginia. Subsequently, there were confirmed records from Guadeloupe (winter of 2002/2003), from Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico (early 2004 and January/February 2006)[12][13][14] and in Bermuda (December 2015).[15]
The female usually is identifiable by the rather dark plumage except the creamy crown, nape, and throat

Like the other marsh harriers, it is strongly associated with wetland areas, especially those rich in common reed (Phragmites australis). It can also be met with in a variety of other open habitats, such as farmland and grassland, particularly where these border marshland. It is a territorial bird in the breeding season, and even in winter it seems less social than other harriers, which often gather in large flocks.[16] But this is probably simply due to habitat preferences, as the marsh harriers are completely allopatric while several of C. aeruginosus grassland and steppe relatives winter in the same regions and assemble at food sources such as locust outbreaks. Still, in Keoladeo National Park of Rajasthan (India) around 100 Eurasian marsh harriers are observed to roost together each November/December; they assemble in tall grassland dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata and vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), but where this is too disturbed by human activity they will use floating carpets of common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) instead – the choice of such roost sites may be to give early warning of predators, which will conspicuously rustle through the plants if they try to sneak upon the resting birds[17]
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany

The start of the breeding season varies from mid-March to early May. Western marsh harrier males often pair with two and occasionally three females. Pair bonds usually last for a single breeding season, but some pairs remain together for several years.

The ground nest is made of sticks, reeds and grasses. It is usually built in a reedbed, but the species will also nest in arable fields. There are between three and eight eggs in a normal clutch. The eggs are oval in shape and white in colour, with a bluish or greenish tinge when recently laid. The eggs are incubated for 31–38 days and the young birds fledge after 30–40 days.[18]
Food and feeding

It hunts in typical harrier fashion, gliding low over flat open ground on its search for prey, with its wings held in a shallow V-shape and often with dangling legs. It feeds on small mammals, small birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs.[19][20]
Status and conservation
Wintering female hunting near Kolkata (West Bengal, India)
Western marsh harrier in Estonia
Circus aeruginosus by Jos Zwarts

The western marsh harrier declined in many areas between the 19th and the late 20th centuries due to persecution, habitat destruction and excessive pesticide use. It is now a protected species in many countries. In Great Britain, the population was likely extinct by the end of the 19th century. A single pair in Horsey, Norfolk bred in 1911, and by 2006, the Rare Breeding Birds Panel had recorded at least 265 females rearing 453 young. It made a comeback in Ireland as well, where it had become extinct in 1918.[21]

It still faces a number of threats, including the shooting of birds migrating through the Mediterranean region. They are vulnerable to disturbance during the breeding season and also liable to lead shot poisoning. Still, the threats to this bird have been largely averted and it is today classified as Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.[1]
References

BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Circus aeruginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22695344A155490248. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695344A155490248.en. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 91.
Linnaeus, Carl (1761). Fauna svecica : sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 23.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 319.
Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 34, 109. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Cramp 1980, pp. 105, 115.
Cramp 1980, p. 105.
Cramp 1980, p. 115.
Holling, Mark (September 2010). "Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2008" (PDF). British Birds. 103. Rare Birds Breeding Panel: 482–538.
American Ornithologists' Union 2000
Banks et al. 2005
Merkord, Rodríguez & Faaborg 2006
"Birders Spot New Species at Annual Count". The Royal Gazette. 29 December 2015.
Clarke et al. 1998
Verma 2002
"Avibirds.com". Avibirds.com. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
"Marsh harrier". RSPB's Birds by Name. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
"Marsh Harrier". BBC Nature.

Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2008). The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland. A & C Black. p. 112. ISBN 9781408125007. Retrieved 2018-06-07.

Sources

American Ornithologists' Union (2000). "Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds" (PDF). Auk. 117 (3): 847–858. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2.
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. (2005). "Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds" (PDF). Auk. 122 (3): 1026–1031. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85626943.
Clarke, R.; Prakash, V.; Clark, W.S.; Ramesh, N.; Scott, D. (1998). "World record count of roosting harriers Circus in Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, Gujarat, north-west India" (PDF). Forktail. 14: 70–71.
Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. II: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–115. ISBN 978-0-19-857505-4.
Merkord, Christopher L.; Rodríguez, Rafy; Faaborg, John (2006). "Second and third records of Western Marsh-Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) for the Western Hemisphere in Puerto Rico" (PDF). Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 19 (1): 42–44.
Verma, Ashok (2002). "A large roost of Eurasian Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India" (PDF). Forktail. 18: 150–151.

Further reading
Clarke, Roger (1995). The Marsh Harrier. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0600583011.
Forsman, Dick (1999). The Raptors of Europe and The Middle East: a Handbook of Field Identification. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1 (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.