Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus (*)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Lari

Familia: Laridae
Subfamilia: Larinae
Genus: Chroicocephalus
Species: Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
Subspecies: Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
Name

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus (Forster, 1844)
Synonyms

Larus scopulinus (protonym)
Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus
Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus

References
Primary references

Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad Maris Australis Terras per annos 1772-74: 106.

Additional references

Given, A. D., Mills, J. A., & Baker, A. J. (2005). Molecular evidence for recent radiation in southern hemisphere masked gulls. The Auk 122 (1): 268–279.
Gill, B.J., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D., & Worthy, T.H. 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. 4th ed. Te Tapa Press, Wellington, New Zealand: 500 pp. ISBN 978-1-877385-59-9. ResearchGate Reference page.

Vernacular names
català: Gavina dels penya-segats
čeština: Racek novozélandský
Deutsch: Rotschnabelmöwe
English: Red-billed Gull
Esperanto: Tarapungo
français: Mouette scopuline
עברית: שחף אדום-מקור
日本語: アカハシギンカモメ
Māori: Tarāpunga
Nederlands: Roodsnavelmeeuw
русский: Красноногая чайка
українська: Мартин новозеландський
中文: 新西兰红嘴鸥

The red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus), also known as tarāpunga and once also known as the mackerel gull, is a native of New Zealand, being found throughout the country and on outlying islands including the Chatham Islands and subantarctic islands. It was formerly considered a separate species but is now usually treated as a subspecies of the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae).[2][3]

The Māori name of this species is tarāpunga or akiaki.[4] Its vernacular name is sometimes also used for the dolphin gull, a somewhat similar-looking but unrelated species that is found in coastal southern Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands.[5] As is the case with many gulls, the red-billed gull has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus.

A national survey of breeding red-billed gulls carried out in 2014–2016 recorded 27,831 pairs nesting in New Zealand. The authors of the study based on the survey and published in 2018 said that the accuracy of previous estimates was questionable, but that the species nevertheless appeared to have declined nationally since the mid-1960s. The study also discussed the possible reasons for the decline and made a proposal for future monitoring.[6]
Description

The red-billed gull is a fairly small gull with an all-red bill, red eye ring, red legs and feet, pale grey wings with black wingtips. The rest of the body and tail are white. There is virtually no visual difference between the male and female birds. Juvenile gulls have a dark brown bill with only hints of red, making them difficult to distinguish from the black-billed gull. The legs are also brown and there are brown spots on the grey wings.
Distribution

It is the smallest gull commonly seen in New Zealand. The population is estimated at 500,000.[citation needed] It was formerly considered a distinctive species,[7] but looks similar to the silver gull found in Australia, and is now considered to be a subspecies.
Behaviour
Eating taupata berries

Behaviourally, the red-billed gull is a typical gull. It is an aggressive scavenger and kleptoparasite. Since European settlement its numbers have increased, especially around coastal towns and cities where it can scavenge from urban waste. It normally feeds on small fish, shell fish and worms (from pastures), and sometimes berries, lizards and insects.
Foraging by oscillating its foot in sand at low tide to uncover prey.
Life cycle

They nest from October to December in colonies on the coast, either on islands or rocky headlands, cliffs and beaches. The birds form pair bonds which endure across seasons, but there is a certain amount of extra-pair copulation. Courtship feeding is an important part of the preparation for mating. Nests are well formed and may be constructed of seaweed, grasses, leaves and ice plants. Generally two to three eggs are laid, their colour ranges from brown to grey with light and dark brown spots all over. The bird generally lives up to 12 years, although individuals have also been found living up to 30 years.[8]
Gallery

Notes

Published posthumously in Descriptiones animalium, p. 106

References

"Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M.; Kirwan, G.M.; Garcia, E.F.J. "Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.silgul2.01. S2CID 241433727. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
Barrie Heather & Hugh Robertson (2005). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (revised ed.). Viking.
"Dolphin Gull (Larus scoresbii) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
Taylor, Graeme A.; Frost, Peter G.H. (2018). "The status of the red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus) in New Zealand, 2014–2016" (PDF). Notornis. 65. Birds New Zealand: 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
Shirihai, H. (2002). A complete guide to Antarctic wildlife. Alula Press, Oy, Finland.

Dangerfield, Emma (Dec 23, 2009). "Ex-pat Kiwi returns from US to study red-billed seagulls". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2015-06-21.

Mills, J. A. (1994). Extra-pair copulations in the Red-Billed Gull: Females with high-quality, attentive males resist. Behaviour, 128, 41–64.
Pons J.M., Hassanin, A., and Crochet P.A.(2005). Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(3):686-699
Tasker, C. R., & Mills, J. A. (1981). A functional analysis of courtship feeding in the Red-billed Gull, Larus Novaehollandiae scopulinus. Behaviour, 77, 222ff