Buteogallus lacernulatus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Buteoninae
Genus: Buteogallus
Species: Buteogallus lacernulatus
Name

Buteogallus lacernulatus (Temminck, 1827)
Synonyms

Falco lacernulatus (protonym)
Leucopternis lacernulatus
Leucopternis lacernulata

References

Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux livr.74 pl.437,text
IUCN: Buteogallus lacernulatus (Vulnerable)

Vernacular names
العربية: باز أبيض العنق
català: Aligot collblanc
Cymraeg: Gwalch gyddfwyn
English: White-necked Hawk
Esperanto: Blankakola buteo
español: Busardo cuelliblanco
فارسی: قوش گردن‌سفید
suomi: Brasilianviidakkohaukka
français: Buse lacernulée
magyar: Atlanti erdeiölyv
Nederlands: Braziliaanse bonte buizerd
Diné bizaad: Giní bitsiiʼ łigaaígíí
polski: Białostrząb białogłowy
português: Gavião-pombo-pequeno
русский: Белоголовый крабоед
svenska: vithuvad vråk

The white-necked hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus) is a Vulnerable species of bird of prey in the subfamily Accipitrinae, the "true" hawks, of family Accipitridae. It is endemic to Brazil.[2][3][1]
Taxonomy and systematics

The white-necked hawk was for a time placed in genus Leucopternis but molecular studies placed it in Buteogallus. A 2009 paper proposed the new monotypic genus Amadonastur for it but this treatment has not been accepted by worldwide taxonomic systems.[3] The white-necked hawk is monotypic.[2]
Description

The white-necked hawk is 43 to 48 cm (17 to 19 in) long with a 91 to 101 cm (36 to 40 in) wingspan. Males and females have the same plumage, though females are about 4% larger than males. Adults have a white head and underparts and black upperparts. Their tail is black with a wide white band in the middle. Their eye is brown or pale yellow and their legs and feed yellow. Immatures are similar to adults but with dark streaks on their crown and neck, brown tips on some upperparts feathers, and white barring on the black base of their tail.[4]
Distribution and habitat

The white-necked hawk is found discontinuously in southeastern Brazil from Paraíba south to Paraná state; it might previously have occurred further south in Santa Catarina state. It mostly inhabits dense primary Atlantic Forest but has been recorded in secondary forest. In elevation it generally ranges from sea level to at least 900 m (3,000 ft) and locally to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Minas Gerais.[4]
Behavior
Movement

The white-necked hawk is generally sedentary but there is some evidence of wandering or dispersal from its usual habitat.[4]
Feeding

The white-necked hawk takes its prey on the ground, dropping from a perch that may be as low as 1.5 m (4.9 ft) high. It is known to follow army ants and monkey troops to prey on what they flush. The data on its diet are inconclusive. Some authors believe that arthropods are its primary prey. Others maintain that it is more of a generalist with a diet of arthropods, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, and snails.[4]
Breeding

Nothing is known about the white-necked hawk's breeding biology.[4]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to white-necked hawk on xeno-canto
Vocalization

As of late 2022 xeno-canto had only one recording of a white-necked hawk and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library had three. Its vocalizations have not been transcribed.[4]
Status

The IUCN originally assessed the white-necked hawk as Threatened but since 1994 has classed it as Vulnerable. It has a small, fragmented range and its estimated population of between 2500 and 10,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. Its Atlantic Forest habitat has been much reduced in size and conversion to agriculture continues. It is also persecuted in the mistaken belief that it preys on domestic animals.[1] It does occur in at least 10 protected areas, but they are significant distances from each other with deforested areas between them.[4]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "White-necked Hawk Buteogallus lacernulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695763A93527446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695763A93527446.en. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Bierregaard, R. O., G. M. Kirwan, and D. A. Christie (2020). White-necked Hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whnhaw2.01 retrieved December 9, 2022