Lithodidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Superclassis: Multicrustacea
Classis: Malacostraca
Subclassis: Eumalacostraca
Superordo: Eucarida
Ordo: Decapoda
Subordo: Pleocyemata
Infraordo: Anomura
Superfamilia: Lithodoidea

Familia: Lithodidae
Genera: Cryptolithodes – Glyptholithodes – Lithodes – Lopholithodes – Neolithodes – Paralithodes – Paralomis – Phyllolithodes – Rhinolithodes – Sculptolithodes

[source: Ahyong (2010: 14)]
Name

Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819
Type genus: Lithodes Latreille, 1806
Stem: Lithod-

References

Ahyong, S.T. 2010. The marine fauna of New Zealand: king crabs of New Zealand, Australia and the Ross Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae). NIWA biodiversity memoir 123. PDF. Reference page.

Links

McLaughlin, P.; Türkay, M. (2009). Lithodidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106737 on 2010-08-20

Vernacular names
English: king crabs
中文: 石蟹科

King crabs are a taxon of decapod crustaceans chiefly found in cold seas. Because of their large size and the taste of their meat, many species are widely caught and sold as food, the most common being the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus).

King crabs are generally thought to be derived from hermit crab ancestors within the Paguridae, which may explain the asymmetry still found in the adult forms.[2] This ancestry is supported by several anatomical peculiarities which are present only in king crabs and hermit crabs.[3] Although some doubt still exists about this hypothesis, king crabs are the most widely quoted example of carcinisation among the Decapoda.[3] The evidence for this explanation comes from the asymmetry of the king crab's abdomen, which is thought to reflect the asymmetry of hermit crabs, which must fit into a spiral shell.
Controversial taxon

Although formerly classified among the hermit crabs in the superfamily Paguroidea, king crabs are now placed in a separate superfamily, Lithodoidea.[1] This is not without controversy, as there is widespread consensus in the scientific community that king crabs are derived from hermit crabs and closely related to pagurid hermit crabs, and therefore a separate superfamily in the classification poorly reflects the phylogenetic relationship of this taxon.[3][4]
Species
Lithodes longispina

Around 121 species are known, in 10 genera:[5]

Cryptolithodes Brandt, 1848
Cryptolithodes expansus Miers, 1879
Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt, 1853 – umbrella crab
Cryptolithodes typicus Brandt, 1848 – butterfly crab
Glyptolithodes Faxon, 1895
Glyptolithodes cristatipes (Faxon, 1893)
Lithodes Latreille, 1806
Lithodes aequispinus J. E. Benedict, 1895 – golden king crab or brown king crab
Lithodes aotearoa Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes australiensis Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes ceramensis Takeda & Nagai, 2004
Lithodes chaddertoni Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes confundens Macpherson, 1988
Lithodes couesi J. E. Benedict, 1895 – scarlet king crab
Lithodes ferox Filhol, 1885
Lithodes formosae Ahyong & Chan, 2010
Lithodes galapagensis Hall & Thatje, 2009
Lithodes jessica Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes longispina Sakai, 1971
Lithodes macquariae Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes maja (Linnaeus, 1758) – Norway king crab or trollkrabbe
Lithodes mamillifer Macpherson, 1988d
Lithodes mandtii
Lithodes manningi Macpherson, 1988
Lithodes megacantha Macpherson, 1991
Lithodes murrayi Henderson, 1888
Lithodes nintokuae Sakai, 1976
Lithodes panamensis Faxon, 1893
Lithodes paulayi Macpherson & Chan, 2008
Lithodes rachelae Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes richeri Macpherson, 1990
Lithodes robertsoni Ahyong, 2010
Lithodes santolla (Molina, 1782) – Chilean centolla or Chilean king crab
Lithodes turkayi Macpherson, 1988
Lithodes turritus Ortmann, 1892
Lithodes unicornis Macpherson, 1984
Lithodes wiracocha Haig, 1974
Lopholithodes Brandt, 1848
Lopholithodes foraminatus (Stimpson, 1859) – brown box crab
Lopholithodes mandtii Brandt, 1848 – Puget Sound king crab
Neolithodes A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894
Neolithodes agassizii (S. I. Smith, 1882)
Neolithodes asperrimus Barnard, 1947
Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970
Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010
Neolithodes capensis Stebbing, 1905
Neolithodes diomedeae (J. E. Benedict, 1895)
Neolithodes duhameli Macpherson, 2004
Neolithodes flindersi Ahyong, 2010
Neolithodes grimaldii (A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894)
Neolithodes indicus Padate, Cubelio & Takeda, 2020
Neolithodes nipponensis Sakai, 1971
Neolithodes vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988
Neolithodes yaldwyni Ahyong & Dawson, 2006
Paralithodes Brandt, 1848
Paralithodes brevipes (H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1841)
Paralithodes californiensis (J. E. Benedict, 1895) – California king crab
Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) – red king crab
Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850 – blue king crab
Paralithodes rathbuni (J. E. Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis White, 1856
Paralomis aculeata Henderson, 1888
Paralomis africana Macpherson, 1982
Paralomis alcockiana Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis anamerae Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis arae Macpherson, 2001
Paralomis arethusa Macpherson, 1994
Paralomis aspera Faxon, 1893
Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908
Paralomis ceres Macpherson, 1989
Paralomis chilensis Andrade, 1980
Paralomis cristata Takeda & Ohta, 1979
Paralomis cristulata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis cubensis Chace, 1939
Paralomis danida Takeda & Bussarawit, 2007
Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001
Paralomis debodeorum Feldmann, 1998 †
Paralomis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893)
Paralomis dofleini Balss, 1911
Paralomis echidna Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis elongata Spiridonov, Türkay, Arntz & Thatje, 2006
Paralomis erinacea Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis formosa Henderson, 1888
Paralomis gowlettholmes Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis granulosa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846)
Paralomis grossmani Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis haigae Eldredge, 1976
Paralomis hirtella de Saint Laurent & Macpherson, 1997
Paralomis histrix (De Haan, 1849)
Paralomis hystrixoides Sakai, 1980
Paralomis inca Haig, 1974
Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899
Paralomis investigatoris Alcock & Anderson, 1899
Paralomis jamsteci Takeda & Hashimoto, 1990
Paralomis japonicus Balss, 1911
Paralomis kyushupalauensis Takeda, 1985
Paralomis longidactylus Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893
Paralomis makarovi Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis manningi Williams, Smith & Baco, 2000
Paralomis medipacifica Takeda, 1974
Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003
Paralomis microps Filhol, 1884
Paralomis multispina (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis nivosa Hall & Thatje, 2009
Paralomis ochthodes Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis odawarai (Sakai, 1980)
Paralomis otsuae Wilson, 1990
Paralomis pacifica Sakai, 1978
Paralomis papillata (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis pectinata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis phrixa Macpherson, 1992
Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis roeleveldae Kensley, 1981
Paralomis seagranti Eldredge, 1976
Paralomis serrata Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis spectabilis Hansen, 1908
Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis stevensi Ahyong & Dawson, 2006
Paralomis taylorae Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis truncatispinosa Takeda & Miyake, 1980
Paralomis tuberipes Macpherson, 1988
Paralomis verrilli (Benedict, 1895)
Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010
Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971
Phyllolithodes Brandt, 1848
Phyllolithodes papillosus Brandt, 1848 – flatspine triangle crab, heart crab
Rhinolithodes Brandt, 1848
Rhinolithodes wosnessenskii Brandt, 1848 – rhinoceros crab
Sculptolithodes Makarov, 1934
Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov, 1934

Glyptolithodes
Main article: Glyptolithodes

Glyptolithodes is found chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, but extending as far north as California, although all its closest relatives live in the Northern Hemisphere. Its single species, G. cristatipes, was originally placed in the genus Rhinolithodes.
Paralithodes

Red (P. camtschaticus) and blue (P. platypus) king crabs are some of the most important fisheries in Alaska. However, populations have fluctuated in the past 25 years, and some areas are currently closed due to overfishing. The two species are similar in size, shape and life history.[6][7][8] Habitat is the main factor separating the range of blue and red king crabs in the Bering Sea.[9] Red king crabs prefer shallow, muddy or sandy habitats in Bristol Bay and Norton Sound,[9][10] while blue king crabs prefer the deeper areas made up of cobble, gravel and rock that occur around the Pribilof, St. Matthew,[11][12] St. Lawrence, and Diomede Islands.

Red king crabs have an 11-month brood cycle in their first reproductive year and a 12-month cycle thereafter.[8] Both red and blue king crabs have planktotrophic larvae that undergo 4 zoeal stages in the water column and a non-feeding intermediate glaucothoe stage which seeks appropriate habitat on the sea floor.
Red king crabs make up over 90% of the annual king crab harvest. This crab is in the collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis.
Paralithodes camtschaticus
Main article: Paralithodes camtschaticus

The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, is a very large species, sometimes reaching a carapace width of 11 in (28 cm) and a leg span of 6 ft (1.8 m). Its natural range is the Bering Sea around the Kamchatka Peninsula area, between the Aleutian Islands and St. Lawrence Island. It can also be found in the Barents Sea and the European Arctic, where it was intentionally introduced and has now become a pest.[13][14] By 2022 they had spread to the North Sea, becoming both a lucrative new stock to British fisheries, and an invasive species.[15]
Paralithodes platypus
Main article: Paralithodes platypus

The blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus, lives near St. Matthew Island, the Pribilof Islands, and the Diomede Islands, Alaska, and there are populations along the coasts of Japan and Russia.[12] Blue king crabs from the Pribilof Islands are the largest of all the king crabs, sometimes exceeding 18 lb (8 kg) in weight.[16]
Symbiosis

Juveniles of species of king crabs, including Neolithodes diomedeae, use a species (Scotoplanes Sp. A) of sea cucumber (often known as “sea pigs”) as hosts and can be found on top of and under Scotoplanes. The Scotoplanes reduce the risk of predation for the N. diomedeae, while the Scotoplanes are not harmed from being hosts, which supports the consensus that the two organisms have a commensal relationship.[17]
Parasites

Some species of king crab, including lithodes, neolithodes, paralithodes, and likely lopholithodes, act as hosts to some parasitic species of careproctus fish.[18] The careproctus lays eggs in the gill chamber of the king crab which serves as a well-protected and aerated area for the eggs to reside until they hatch. On occasion king crabs have been found to be host to the eggs of multiple species of careproctus simultaneously.
See also

iconCrustaceans portal

Alaskan king crab fishing
Deadliest Catch

References

Sammy De Grave; N. Dean Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
Noever, Christoph; Glenner, Henrik (2017-07-05). "The origin of king crabs: hermit crab ancestry under the magnifying glass" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (2): 300–318. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx033. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-16 – via the University of Copenhagen.
Keiler, Jonas; Richter, Stefan; Wirkner, Christian S. (2013-03-19). "Evolutionary morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomala)". Journal of Morphology. 274 (7): 759–778. doi:10.1002/jmor.20133. PMID 23508935. S2CID 24458262.
Anker, Arthur; Paulay, Gustav (2013-10-22). "A remarkable new crab-like hermit crab (Decapoda: Paguridae) from French Polynesia, with comments on carcinization in the Anomura" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3722 (2): 283–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3722.2.9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-24.
McLaughlin, Patsy A.; Komai, Tomoyuki; Lemaitre, Rafael; Rahayu, Dwi Listyo (2010-10-31). Low, Martyn E. Y.; Tan, S. H. (eds.). "Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea) Part I – Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea" (PDF). Zootaxa. Suppl. 23: 5–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-17 – via the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Jensen, Gregory C.; Armstrong, David A. (1989). "Biennial reproductive cycle of blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus, at the Pribilof Island, Alaska and comparison to a congener, P. camtschatica". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 46 (6): 932–940. doi:10.1139/f89-120. ISSN 0706-652X – via ResearchGate.
Klitin, A.K.; Nizyaev, S.A. (1999). "The distribution and life strategies of some commercially important Far Eastern lithodid crabs in the Kuril Islands". Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok. 25 (3): 221–228. ISSN 1063-0740.
Stevens, Bradley G. (October 2006). "Timing and duration of larval hatching for blue king crab Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850 held in the laboratory". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 26 (4): 495–502. doi:10.1651/S-2677.1. JSTOR 4094179.
Essential fish habitat assessment report for the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands King and Tanner Crabs (PDF) (Report). NOAA Fisheries Report. Vol. II. North Pacific Fishery Research Council. April 2005. Appendix F.3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Soong, Joyce; Kohler, Tom (October 2005). Norton Sound winter Red King Crab studies (PDF) (Report). Fisheries Data Series. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. No. 05-48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-26.
Zheng, Jie; Murphy, M.C.; Kruse, Gordon H. (Summer 1997). Application of a catch-survey analysis to blue king crab stocks near Pribilof and St. Matthew Islands (PDF) (Report). Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin. Vol. 4. pp. 62–74. ISSN 1091-7306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-26.
Vining, Ivan; Blau, S. Forrest; Pengilly, Doug (October 27–30, 1999). "Evaluating changes in spatial distribution of Blue King Crab near St. Matthew Island". In Kruse, Gordon H.; Bez, Nicolas; Booth, Anthony; Dorn, Martin W.; Hills, Sue; Lipcius, Romuald N.; et al. (eds.). Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. Symposium on Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program (published 2001). pp. 327–348. ISBN 978-1-56612-068-5. Report No. AK-SG-01-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-10.
Bevanger, Lars (2006-08-09). "Norway fears giant crab invasion". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-02-16.
Kirby, Alex (2003-09-29). "King crabs march towards the Pole". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21.
Horton, Helena (28 January 2022). "King crabs invade UK waters threatening native species". The Guardian.
"King Crab 101 – Lessons from a crab fisherman". Fisherman's Express. Alaska Seafoods. 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-06-20.
Barry, James P.; Taylor, Josi R.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; DeVogelaere, Andrew P. (2016-10-15). "Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain". Marine Ecology. 38 (2): e12396. doi:10.1111/maec.12396. eISSN 1439-0485.
Gardner, Jennifer; Orr, James; Stevenson, Duane; Spies, Ingrid; Somerton, David (August 15, 2016). "Reproductive Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)". Copeia. 104 (3): 645–657. doi:10.1643/CI-15-374. S2CID 89241686. Retrieved October 19, 2021.