Symmachia

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Riodinidae
Subfamilia: Riodininae
Tribus: Symmachiini
Genus: Symmachia
Species: S. accusatrix – S. aconia – S. almeidai – S. arcuata – S. arion – S. atlantica – S. aureus – S. aurigera – S. basilissa – S. batesi – S. belti – S. busbyi – S. calderoni – S. calligrapha – S. calliste – S. championi – S. divisora – S. elinas – S. emeralda – S. eraste – S. estellina – S. exigua – S. falcistriga – S. fassli – S. fulvicauda – S. giffordi – S. hazelana – S. hetaerina – S. hippea – S. hippodice – S. jugurtha – S. juratrix – S. leena – S. leopardinum – S. maeonius – S. menetas – S. meyi – S. miron – S. multesima – S. nemesis – S. norina – S. pardalia – S. pardalis – S. pena – S. phaedra – S. poirieri – S. probetor – S. rita – S. rubina – S. rubrica – S. satana – S. sepyra – S. splendida – S. stigmosissima – S. suevia – S. technema – S. threissa – S. tigrina – S. titiana – S. triangularis – S. tricolor – S. uirassu – S. virgatula – S. virgaurea – S. xypete
Name

Symmachia Hübner, 1819: 25.

Type species: Symmachia probetor (Cramer); By selection of Scudder, 1875: 272.
Synonymy

Symmachia Hübner, 1819: 25.
Cricosoma C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 292.
Synapta C. & R. Felder, 1865: 294. (Preocc. Eschscholtz, 1829, Coleoptera).

References

Attal, S. & Büche, M. 2013: Symmachia aureus Attal, 2009 une nouvelle sous-espèce au Pérou (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Symmachiini). Lambillionea, 113(1): 69–72. Reference page.
Callaghan, C.J. 2001: New riodinids from the Central Brazilian plateau (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18(3): 765–778. full article (pdf) Reference page.
Dias, F.M.S., Dolibaina, D.R., Mielke, O.H.H. & Casagrande, M.M. 2020. Taxonomic review of the “Probetoriformes” species group of Symmachia Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa 4780(3): 471–507. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.3. Paywall. Reference page.
Dolibaina, D.R., Leite, L.A.R., Dias, F.M.S., Mielke, O.H.H. & Casagrande, M.M.. An annotated list of Symmachia Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Symmachiini) from Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, with the description of a new species. Insecta Mundi 0249: 1–11. Web. Reference page.
Eschscholtz, J.F. 1829. Eintheilung der Elateriden in Gattungen. Entomologisches Archiv, 2(1): 31–35. Reference page.
Gallard, J.-Y. & Attal, S. 2009: Deux nouveaux Symmachia (Lep. Riod.). Lambillionea, 109(2): 165–169. Reference page.
Hall, J.P.W. & K.R. Willmott, 1995b. Five new species and a new genus of riodinid from the cloud forests of eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 6(2): 131–135. Full article: PDF. Reference page.
Hübner, J. 1819. Verzeichniß bekannter Schmettlinge 2–11: 17–176. BHL Reference page.
Jauffret, P. & J. Corècha Jauffret, 2010. Le genre Symmachia Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Symmachiini). Description d'une nouvelle espèce du Bresil (15e note). Lambillionea 110(2): 91–94. Reference page.
Lamas, G. 2004. (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J.B. (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol.5A, Pt.4A. Assn. for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. 439pp. Reference page.
Salazar, J.A. & Constantino, L.M. 2000. Contribución al conocimiento de las especies del género Symmachia Hübner, [1819] en Colombia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Riodininae). Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia 28(112): 375–383. Reference page.
Scudder, S.H. 1875. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies. Proc. amer. Soc. Arts Sci. Boston 10: 91–293. BHL Reference page.
Willmott, K.R. & Hall, J.P.W. 1994. Four new species of Riodinids from western Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Tropical lepidoptera 5(2): 87-91. Full PDF. Reference page.

Symmachia is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm.

This genus is distinguished by a strong bulging-out of the costa of the forewing of the males, this characteristic bulge recedes in but few species, presumably owing to a mimetic transformation. This widening of the forewing is accompanied by a peculiar flight resembling that of Thecla, which becomes very conspicuous in the non-mimetic species, whereas in the mimetic species it is replaced by that of the causal originals to which reference is made in the single species, and which may more correctly be eliminated from the genus. They are more closely allied to the Gricosoma than the non-mimetic species, but we shall here give the precedence to the more typical forms. Many Symmachia are great rarities, and they are extremely peculiar in the shape as well as in the colouring. They fly in the day time, not continuously, and rest beneath leaves.[1]
Species

Symmachia aconia Hewitson, 1876 present in Brazil
Symmachia accusatrix Westwood, 1851 present in Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia almeidai (Zikán, 1946) present in Brazil
Symmachia arcuata Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil
Symmachia arion (C. & R. Felder, 1865) present in Brazil and Colombia
Symmachia aurigera (Weeks, 1902) present in Colombia
Symmachia basilissa (Bates, 1868) present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia batesi (Staudinger, [1887]) present in Brazil
Symmachia calderoni Hall & Lamas, 2001 present in Peru
Symmachia calligrapha Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia calliste Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua and French Guiana
Symmachia elinas (Rebillard, 1958) present in Brazil
Symmachia eraste (Bates, 1868) present in Brazil
Symmachia emeralda Hall & Harvey, 2002 present in Ecuador and French Guiana
Symmachia estellina present in French Guiana
Symmachia exigua (Bates, 1868) present in Brazil
Symmachia falcistriga Stichel, 1910 present in French Guiana, Bolivia and Brazil
Symmachia fassli Hall & Willmott, 1995 present in Ecuador
Symmachia fulvicauda Stichel, 1924 present in Brazil
Symmachia hazelana Hall & Willmott, 1996 present in Ecuador
Symmachia hetaerina Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil and Peru
Symmachia hippea Herrich-Schäffer, [1853] present in French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname
Symmachia hippodice Godman, 1903 present in Brazil
Symmachia jugurtha Staudinger, [1887] present in Colombia
Symmachia juratrix Westwood, 1851 present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia leena Hewitson, 1870 present in Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, Colombia, French Guiana and Brazil
Symmachia leopardinum (C. & R. Felder, 1865) present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia maeonius Staudinger, 1888 present in Brazil
Symmachia menetas (Drury, 1782) present in Suriname and Brazil
Symmachia miron Grose-Smith, 1898 present in French Guiana and Ecuador
Symmachia multesima Stichel, 1910 present in Colombia and French Guiana
Symmachia nemesis Le Cerf, 1958 present in Brazil.
Symmachia norina Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia pardalia Stichel, 1924 present in Peru
Symmachia pardalis Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia phaedra (Bates, 1868) present in Brazil and Ecuador
Symmachia poirieri Gallard, 2009 present in French Guiana[2]
Symmachia praxilla Westwood, 1851 present in Brazil
Symmachia probetor (Stoll, [1782]) present in Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana and Brazil
Symmachia rita Staudinger, [1887] synonym of Symmachia norina
Symmachia rosanti present in French Guiana
Symmachia rubrica (Stichel, 1929) present in Colombia and Ecuador
Symmachia rubina Bates, 1866 present in Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and Brazil
Symmachia sepyra (Hewitson, 1877) present in Ecuador
Symmachia splendida (Salazar & Constantino, 1993) present in Colombia
Symmachia stigmosissima Stichel, 1910 present in Bolivia and French Guiana
Symmachia suevia Hewitson, 1877 present in Ecuador
Symmachia technema Stichel, 1910 present in Suriname, French Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago
Symmachia threissa Hewitson, 1870 present in French Guiana, Colombia and Nicaragua
Symmachia tigrina Hewitson, 1867 present in Brazil and French Guiana
Symmachia titiana Hewitson, 1870 present in Ecuador
Symmachia triangularis (Thieme, 1907) present in Colombia and French Guiana
Symmachia tricolor Hewitson, 1867 present in Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and French Guiana
Symmachia virgatula Stichel, 1910 present in Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago and French Guiana
Symmachia virgaurea Stichel, 1910 present in Colombia
Symmachia xypete (Hewitson, 1870) present in Nicaragua and Panama

Sources

Seitz, A. 1916. Family:Erycinidae. In A. Seitz (editor), Macrolepidoptera of the world,vol. 5:617–738. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.[1] also available as pdf

Lambillionea n° 2-juin 2009

Symmachia at Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera