Pulex irritans

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Siphonaptera
Infraordo: Pulicomorpha
Superfamilia: Pulicoidea

Familia: Pulicidae
Tribus: Pulicini
Genus: Pulex
Species: Pulex irritans
Name

Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758

References

Macfarlane, R.P., Maddison, P.A., Andrew, I.G., Berry, J.A., Johns, P.M., Hoare, R.J.B., Larivière, M.-C., Greenslade, P., Henderson, R.C., Smithers, C.N., Palma, R.L., Ward, J.B., Pilgrim, R.L.C., Towns, D.R., McLellan, I., Teulon, D.A.J., Hitchings, T.R., Eastop, V.F., Martin, N.A., Fletcher, M.J., Stufkens, M.A.W., Dale, P.J., Burckhardt, D., Buckley, T.R. & Trewick, S.A. 2010. Phylum Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda: Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects. Pp. 233–467 in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2010. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 2. Kingdom Animalia. Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. Reference page. PDF. Reference page.

Vernacular names
emiliàn e rumagnòl: Pulga dl òm
English: Human Flea
italiano: Pulce dell'uomo
polski: Pchła ludzka
Türkçe: İnsan piresi

The human flea (Pulex irritans) – once also called the house flea[1] – is a cosmopolitan flea species that has, in spite of the common name, a wide host spectrum. It is one of six species in the genus Pulex; the other five are all confined to the Nearctic and Neotropical realms.[2] The species is thought to have originated in South America, where its original host may have been the guinea pig or peccary.[3]
Contents

1 Morphology and behavior
2 Relationship with host
2.1 Direct effects of bites
2.2 Vector capabilities
3 Treatment and prevention
4 Phylogeny and Distribution
5 References

Morphology and behavior

Pulex irritans is a holometabolous insect with a four-part lifecycle consisting of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Eggs are shed by the female in the environment and hatch into larvae in about 3–4 days. Larvae feed on organic debris in the environment. Larvae eventually form pupae, which are in cocoons that are often covered with debris from the environment (sand, pebbles, etc.). The larval and pupal stages are completed in about 3–4 weeks when the adults hatch from pupae, then must seek out a warm-blooded host for blood meals.

The flea eggs are about 0.5 mm in length. They are oval-shaped and pearly white in color. Eggs are often laid on the body of the host, but they often fall off in many different places. The larvae are about 0.6 mm in length. They are creamy white or yellow in color. Larvae have 13 segments with bristles on each segment. The larvae feed on a variety of organic debris. The pupa are around 4 x 2 mm. After undergoing three separate molts, the larvae pupate, then emerge as adults. If conditions are unfavorable, a cocooned flea can remain dormant for up to a year in the pupal phase. The adults are roughly 1.5 to 4 mm in length and are laterally flattened. They are dark brown in color, are wingless, and have piercing-sucking mouthparts that aid in feeding on the host's blood. Both genal and pronotal combs are absent and the adult flea has a rounded head. Most fleas are distributed in the egg, larval, or pupal stages.
Relationship with host
Direct effects of bites
Main article: Pulicosis

Fleas are a pest species to their hosts, causing an itching sensation that results in discomfort and leads to scratching in the vicinity of the bite. Flea bites generally cause the skin to raise, swell, and itch. The bite site has a single puncture point in the center. Bites often appear in clusters or small rows and can remain inflamed for up to several weeks.

This species bites many species of mammals and birds, including domesticated ones. It has been found on dogs and wild canids, monkeys in captivity, opossums, domestic cats, wild felids in captivity, chickens, black rats and Norwegian rats, wild rodents, pigs, free-tailed bats, and other species. It can also be an intermediate host for the flea tapeworm cestode Dipylidium caninum.

Fleas can spread rapidly and move between areas to include eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic regions.

Hair loss as a result of itching is common, especially in wild and domestic animals. Anemia is also possible in extreme cases of high-volume infestations.
Vector capabilities

Plague, a disease that affects humans and other mammals, is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The human flea can be a carrier of the plague bacterium. Plague is infamous for killing millions of people in Eurasia during the Middle Ages. Without prompt treatment, the disease can cause serious illness or death. Today, human plague infections continue to occur in the western United States, but significantly more cases occur in parts of Africa and Asia.

Plague is a very serious illness, but is treatable with commonly available antibiotics. The earlier a patient seeks medical care and receives treatment that is appropriate for plague, the better their chances are of a full recovery.

People in close contact with very sick pneumonic plague patients may be evaluated and possibly placed under observation. Preventive antibiotic therapy may also be given, depending on the type and timing of personal contact.
Treatment and prevention

Common treatments include body shaving and medicated shampoos and combing. When preventing fleas, it is important to treat both the host and the environment. Household pets should be treated to prevent being infested. Carpets, and other floor surfaces, should be shampooed and vacuumed regularly to prevent fleas. When dealing with an infestation, bedding and clothing that may have been exposed should be washed thoroughly in hot water and kept away from other materials that have not been exposed. In extreme cases, extermination by a professional is necessary.
Phylogeny and Distribution

Pulex irritans originated in Central and South America, where it evolved with only one host.[4] Despite the origins of P. irritans, it is now a cosmopolitan species, most likely due to the fur trade after the 18th century, and pet transport in more recent decades.[4][5] Due to the cosmopolitan distribution of this group, research has been conducted to show that P. irritans individuals, when sampled from Spain and Argentina, only showed significant differences when comparing molecular data.[6] The use of morphometric data, which is often the method for flea identification, showed no significant levels of divergence between the two populations. Combining both morphological and molecular data has identified the possibility of cryptic species. This indicates a need to reconsider taxonomic classifications of these fleas. Studies in Europe and the Mediterranean also found this to be true. Human and cat fleas from Europe and the Mediterranean were studied and show such great variation within their own species that their taxonomy should be reevaluated based on mitochondrial gene heterogeneity.[5]
References

"The Promiscuous Human Flea". Contagions. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Michael F. Whiting; Alison S. Whiting; Michael W. Hastriter; Katharina Dittmar (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (5): 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144.
Paul C. Buckland; Jon P. Sadler (1989). "A biogeography of the human flea, Pulex irritans L. (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 16 (2): 115–120. doi:10.2307/2845085. JSTOR 2845085.
Buckland, Paul C.; Sadler, Jon P. (1989). "A Biogeography of the Human Flea, Pulex irritans L. (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 16 (2): 115–120. doi:10.2307/2845085. ISSN 0305-0270. JSTOR 2845085.
Hornok, Sandor; Beck, Relja (2018). "High mitochondrial sequence divergence in synanthropic flea species (Insects: Siphonaptera) from Europe and the Mediterranean". Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 221. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2798-4. PMC 5879554. PMID 29609620.
Zurita, A; Callejon, R (2019). "Origin, Evolution, Phylogeny, and Taxonomy of Pulex irritans". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 33 (2): 296–311. doi:10.1111/mve.12365. PMID 30739354. S2CID 73419328 – via Wiley Online Library.