Nicrophorus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Infraordo: Staphyliniformia
Superfamilia: Staphylinoidea

Familia: Silphidae
Subfamilia: Nicrophorinae
Genus: Nicrophorus
Species: N. americanus – N. antennatus – N. apo – N. argutor – N. basalis – N. carolina – N. charon – N. chilensis – N. chryseus – N. concolor – N. confusus – N. dauricus – N. defodiens – N. didymus – N. distinctus – N. efferens – N. encaustus – N. funerarius – N. germanicus – N. guttula – N. heurni – N. hispaniola – N. humator – N. hybridus – N. insignis – N. insularis – N. interruptus – N. investigator – N. japonicus – N. kieticus – N. lunatus – N. maculifrons – N. marginatus – N. mexicanus – N. mongolicus – N. montivagus – N. morio – N. nepalensis – N. nigricornis – N. nigrita – N. oberthuri – N. obscurus – N. olidus – N. orbicollis – N. podagricus – N. przewalskii – N. pustulatus – N. quadraticollis – N. quadrimaculatus – N. quadripunctatus – N. reichardti – N. reticulatus – N. satanas – N. sausai – N. sayi – N. schawalleri – N. scrutator – N. semenowi – N. sepulchralis – N. sepultor – N. sinensis – N. smefarka – N. tenuipes – N. tomentosus – N. trumboi – N. ussuriensis – N. validus – N. vespillo – N. vespilloides – N. vestigator – †N. pliozaenicus
Name

Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775
References

Anduaga, S. 2009. Reproductive biology of Nicrophorus mexicanus Matthews (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Coleopterists bulletin 63(2): 173–178. DOI: 10.1649/1034.1
Lowe, A.J. & Lauff, R.F. 2012. Arboreal burials in Nicrophorus spp. (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Psyche, Article ID 578650, pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1155/2012/578650 Reference page.
Sikes, D.S.; Madge, R.B.; Newton, A.F. 2002: A catalog of the Nicrophorinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of the world. Zootaxa 65: 1–304. Abstract & excerpt PDF Reference page.
Sikes, D.S., Madge, R.B. & Trumbo, S.T. 2006. Revision of Nicrophorus in part: new species and inferred phylogeny of the nepalensis-group based on evidence from morphology and mitochondrial DNA (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae). Invertebrate systematics 20(3): 305–365. DOI: 10.1071/IS05020 Reference page.

Vernacular names=
Boarisch: Tóudengroower
беларуская: Магільшчыкі
čeština: Hrobařík
Deutsch: Totengräber
English: Burying beetle
Esperanto: Nekroforo
français: Nécrophore
ქართული: მესაფლავე ხოჭოები
lietuvių: Duobkasiai
Nederlands: Doodgravers
polski: Grabarz
русский: Могильщики

Burying beetles or sexton beetles, genus Nicrophorus,[2] are the best-known members of the family Silphidae (carrion beetles). Most of these beetles are black with red markings on the elytra (forewings). Burying beetles are true to their name—they bury the carcasses of small vertebrates such as birds and rodents as a food source for their larvae. They are unusual among insects in that both the male and female parents take care of the brood. They are carnivores.

The genus name is sometimes spelled Necrophorus in older texts: this was an unjustified emendation by Carl Peter Thunberg (1789) of Fabricius's original name, and is not valid under the ICZN.

The American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) has been on the U.S. endangered species list since 1989.[3]

Reproduction
Nicrophorus germanicus

Burying beetles have large club-like antennae equipped with chemoreceptors capable of detecting a dead animal from a long distance. After finding a carcass (most usually that of a small bird or a mouse), beetles fight amongst themselves (males fighting males, females fighting females) until the winning pair (usually the largest) remains. If a lone beetle finds a carcass, it can continue alone and await a partner. Single males attract mates by releasing a pheromone from the tip of their abdomens. Females can raise a brood alone, fertilizing her eggs using sperm stored from previous copulations. The carcass must be buried by the beetle(s) to get it out of the way of potential competitors, which are numerous.
Burying beetle life cycle

The prospective parents begin to dig a hole below the carcass. While doing so, and after removing all hair from the carcass, the beetles cover the animal with antibacterial and antifungal oral and anal secretions, slowing the decay of the carcass and preventing the smell of rotting flesh from attracting competition. The carcass is formed into a ball and the fur or feathers stripped away and used to line and reinforce the crypt, where the carcass will remain until the flesh has been completely consumed. The burial process can take around 8 hours. Several pairs of beetles may cooperate to bury large carcasses and then raise their broods communally.

The female burying beetle lays eggs in the soil around the crypt. The larvae hatch after a few days and move into a pit in the carcass which the parents have created. Although the larvae are able to feed themselves, both parents also feed the larvae in response to begging:[4] they digest the flesh and regurgitate liquid food for the larvae to feed on, a form of progressive provisioning. This probably speeds up larval development. It is also thought the parent beetles can produce secretions from head glands that have anti-microbial activity, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi on the vertebrate corpse.[5]

At an early stage, the parents may cull their young. This infanticide functions to match the number of larvae to the size of the carcass so that there is enough food to go around. If there are too many young, they will all be underfed and will develop less quickly, reducing their chances of surviving to adulthood. If there are too few young, the resulting adult beetles will be large but the parents could have produced more of them. The most successful beetle parents will achieve a good balance between the size of offspring and the number produced. This unusual method of brood size regulation might be the result of the eggs being laid before the female has been able to gauge the size of the carcass and hence how many larvae it can provision.

The adult beetles continue to protect the larvae, which take several days to mature. Many competitors make this task difficult, e.g. bluebottles and ants or burying beetles of either another or the same species. The final-stage larvae migrate into the soil and pupate, transforming from small white larvae to fully formed adult beetles.

Aside from eusocial species such as ants and honey bees, parental care is quite rare among insects, and burying beetles are remarkable exceptions.
Species
N. germanicus
N. humator
N. investigator
N. vespillo
N. vespilloides
N. vestigator

As of 2006 there are over 60 valid, extant species in the genus Nicrophorus although a few undescribed species and synonyms remain to be worked up.

Nicrophorus americanus – (American burying beetle)
Nicrophorus antennatus
Nicrophorus apo
Nicrophorus argutor
Nicrophorus basalis
Nicrophorus carolina
Nicrophorus charon
Nicrophorus chilensis
Nicrophorus concolor
Nicrophorus confusus
Nicrophorus dauricus
Nicrophorus defodiens
Nicrophorus didymus
Nicrophorus distinctus
Nicrophorus efferens[6]
Nicrophorus encaustus
Nicrophorus germanicus
Nicrophorus guttula
Nicrophorus heurni
Nicrophorus hispaniola
Nicrophorus humator
Nicrophorus hybridus
Nicrophorus insignis
Nicrophorus insularis
Nicrophorus interruptus
Nicrophorus investigator
Nicrophorus japonicus
Nicrophorus kieticus
Nicrophorus lunatus
Nicrophorus maculifrons
Nicrophorus marginatus
Nicrophorus mexicanus
Nicrophorus mongolicus
Nicrophorus montivagus
Nicrophorus morio
Nicrophorus nepalensis
Nicrophorus nigricornis
Nicrophorus nigrita
Nicrophorus oberthuri
Nicrophorus obscurus
Nicrophorus olidus
Nicrophorus orbicollis
Nicrophorus podagricus
Nicrophorus przewalskii
Nicrophorus pustulatus
Nicrophorus quadraticollis
Nicrophorus quadrimaculatus
Nicrophorus quadripunctatus
Nicrophorus reichardti
Nicrophorus reticulatus
Nicrophorus satanas
Nicrophorus sausai
Nicrophorus sayi
Nicrophorus schawalleri
Nicrophorus scrutator
Nicrophorus semenowi
Nicrophorus sepulchralis
Nicrophorus sepultor
Nicrophorus sinensis
Nicrophorus smefarka
Nicrophorus tenuipes
Nicrophorus tomentosus
Nicrophorus trumboi
Nicrophorus ussuriensis
Nicrophorus validus
Nicrophorus vespillo
Nicrophorus vespilloides
Nicrophorus vestigator
Nicrophorus chryseus (Mazokhin-Porshnyakov, 1953) – unverified
Nicrophorus funerarius (Weigel, 1808) – unverified
Nicrophorus laethius Sikes & Madge 2006 – unverified

Fossils

†Nicrophorus pliozaenicus

A fossil of N. humator dating around 10,500 years was reported in 1962 by Pearson.[7] An extinct unnamed member of the genus is known from the Late Cretaceous Cenomanian aged Burmese amber of Myanmar, around 99 million years old.[8][9]
References

GBIF: Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775 (retrieved 13 January 2020)
Fabricius JC (1775) Systema Entomologiae: sistens insectorvm classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibvs, observationibvs. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. i–xvi; 1–832.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service website (2013)
Smiseth, Per T. & Parker, Hannah J. (2008). "Is there a cost to larval begging in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides?". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (6): 1111–1115. doi:10.1093/beheco/arn101.
Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
A Bit of Good Luck: A New Species of Burying Beetle from the Solomon Islands Archipelago
Sikes, Derek S.; Madge, Ronald B. & Newton, Alfred F. (August 29, 2002). "A catalog of the Nicrophorinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of the world". Zootaxa. 65 (1): 1–304. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.65.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2006.
Cai, Chen-Yang; Thayer, Margaret K.; Engel, Michael S.; Newton, Alfred F.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime; Wang, Bo; Wang, Xiang-Dong; Huang, Di-Ying (2014-09-30). "Early origin of parental care in Mesozoic carrion beetles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (39): 14170–14174. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412280111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4191754. PMID 25225362.
Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Condamine, Fabien L. (April 2016). "To what extent do new fossil discoveries change our understanding of clade evolution? A cautionary tale from burying beetles (Coleoptera: Nicrophorus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (4): 686–704. doi:10.1111/bij.12710.