Nemonychidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Superfamilia: Curculionoidea

Familia:Nemonychidae
Subfamiliae (11): Cimberidinae - Nemonychinae - Rhinorhynchinae - †Brenthorrhininae - †Cretonemonychinae - †Distenorrhininae - †Eccoptarthrinae - †Eobelinae - †Metrioxenoidinae - †Paleocartinae - †Selengarhynchinae

Unplaced genera (2): †Burmonyx – †Talbragarus
Name

Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882

Synonyms

Cimberididae Gozis, 1882 (ICZN Opinion 2111)

References

Gratshev, V.G.; Legalov, A.A. 2009: New taxa of the family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera) from Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Euroasian entomological journal, 8: 411–416. [in Russian] PDF
ICZN 2005: Opinion 2111 (Case 3093). Nemonychidae Bedel, November 1882 (Insecta, Coleoptera): given precedence over Cimberididae Gozis, March 1882; and Cimberis Gozis, 1881: usage conserved. Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 62(2): 101–103.
Kuschel, G. 1954: La familia Nemonychidae en la region Neotropical (Aporte 15 de Coleoptera Curculionoidea). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 54(9): 97–126.
Kuschel, G. 1983: Past and present of the relict family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). GeoJournal, 7: 499–504.
Kuschel, G. 1989: The Nearctic Nemonychidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Entomologica scandinavica, 20: 121–171. DOI: 10.1163/187631289X00276
Kuschel, G. 1993: The Palaearctic Nemonychidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.), 29: 23–46.
Kuschel, G. 1994: Appendix. Nemonychidae of Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Pp. 563-637 in: Zimmerman, E.C. Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume 1. Orthoceri Anthribidae to Attelabidae, the primitive weevils. CSIRO, Melbourne. ISBN 0 643 05145 7.Reference page.
Kuschel, G. 2003: Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 45. Online. ISBN 0-478-09348-9 Reference page
Kuschel, G. 2008: Curculionoidea (weevils) of New Caledonia and Vanuatu: ancestral families and some Curculionidae. In: Grandcolas, P. (ed.), Zoologia Neocaledonica 6. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 197: 99–250. ISBN 9782856536056 ISSN: 1243-4442
Legalov, A.A. 2006: Phylogenetic reconstruction of weevils superfamily Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) using the SYNAP method. Biology Bulletin, 33(2): 127–134. DOI: 10.1134/S1062359006020051
Legalov, A.A. 2009: New species of the genus Atopomacer Kuschel, 1989 (Coleoptera, Nemonychidae) from Honduras. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology, 9(1): 51–54. PDF PDF
Legalov, A.A. 2009: Annotated checklist of fossil and recent species of the family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera) from the world fauna. Amurian zoological journal, 1(3): 200–213 + col. pl. I. PDF PDF
Legalov, A.A. 2010: Phylogeny of the family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera) with descriptions of new taxa. Euroasian entomological journal 9(3): 457–473. PDF.
Legalov, A.A. 2010: Checklist of Mesozoic Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) with description of new taxa. Baltic journal of coleopterology, 10(1): 71–101.
Legalov, A.A. 2010: Review of Curculionoid beetles of the genus Arnoldibelus Leg. from the Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Paleontological Journal, 44(6): 654–656. DOI: 10.1134/S0031030110060079
Legalov, A.A. 2011: New data on fossil beetles of the superfamily Curculionoidea (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the Northern Hemisphere. Evraziatskii Entomologicheskii Zhurnal, 10(1): 63–71. [in Russian, with English abstract] PDF PDF
I.Löbl & A.Smetana (eds). 2011 Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7: Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. p. 90
ISBN 978-87-88757-84-2

Links

Australian Faunal Directory (stub)
Eobelidae in SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA OF THE WORLD
Nemonychidae in SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA OF THE WORLD
Atlas of family Nemonychidae of Russia

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Schlankrüssler
English: Pine flower weevils
русский: Цветожилы
中文: 毛象鼻蟲科

Nemonychidae is a small family of weevils, placed within the primitive weevil group because they have straight rather than geniculate (elbowed) antennae. They are often called pine flower weevils. As in the Anthribidae, the labrum appears as a separate segment to the clypeus, and the maxillary palps are long and projecting. Nemonychidae have all ventrites free, while Anthribidae have ventrites 1-4 connate or partially fused. Nemonychidae lack lateral carinae on the pronotum, while these are usually present, though may be short, in Anthribidae.[2]

Nemonychidae are historically divided into three subfamilies: Nemonychinae of the palearctic region with the single genus Nemonyx and an unusual host, the angiosperm Delphinium. Most species of the other two subfamilies are associated with Pinales feeding on the pollen of the male inflorescences. Cimberidinae are found in the Northern hemisphere, while Rhinorhynchinae[3] occur largely in the Southern hemisphere, especially found on Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. Recent phylogenetic research indicates that the Cimberidinae are sister to all of the remaining Curculionoidea, and it has been proposed to elevate the group to family rank.[4]

Both Nemonychidae adults and larvae feed primarily on pollen.[5] When mature, the larvae will drop to the ground from the male cones or flowers they resided in to pupate in the soil less than five centimeters from the surface.[6]

There exists a fairly extensive fossil record of Nemonychidae reaching from the upper Jurassic to tertiary amber.

Extant Taxa

Cimberidinae:

Acromacer
Cimberis
Doydirhynchus
Lecontellus
Pityomacer

Nemonychinae:

Nemonyx

Rhinorhynchinae:

Aragomacer
Araucomacer
Atopomacer
Basiliogeus
Basiliorhinus
Brarus
Bunyaeus
Eutactobius
Idiomacer
Mecomacer
Nannomacer
Notomacer
Pagomacer
Rhinorhynchus
Rhynchitomacer
Rhynchitomacerinus
Rhynchitoplesius
Stenomacer
Zimmiellus

Extinct Taxa

†Kuschelomacer[7]
†subfamily Brenthorrhininae Arnoldi 1977
†tribe Brenthorrhinini Arnoldi 1977
†subtribe Brenthorrhinina Arnoldi 1977
†Abrenthorrhinus Legalov 2009 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Brenthorrhinus Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Gobibrenthorrhinus Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Ulugei Formation, Mongolia, Tithonian
†subtribe Brenthorrhinoidina Legalov 2003
†Brenthorrhinoides Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†tribe Distenorrhinini Arnoldi 1977
†Buryatnemonyx Legalov 2010 Khasurty locality, Russia, Aptian
†Distenorrhinus Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian, La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Las Hoyas, Spain, Barremian Khasurty locality, Russia, Aptian
†Megabrenthorrhinus Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Microbrenthorrhinus Gratshev and Zherikhin 2000 La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Spain, Barremian
†Talbragarus Oberprieler and Oberprieler 2012 Talbragar Fossil bed, Australia, Tithonian
†tribe Eccoptarthrini Arnoldi 1977
†Astenorrhinus Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Cratonemonyx Legalov 2014 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
†Eccoptarthrus Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Procurculio Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†subfamily Cretonemonychinae Gratshev and Legalov 2009
†tribe Cretonemonychini Gratshev and Legalov 2009
†Cretonemonyx Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
†Pseudonemonyx Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
†Turononemonyx Legalov 2014 Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan, Turonian
†tribe Eocaenonemonychini Legalov 2013
†Eocaenonemonyx Legalov 2013 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
†"Eugnamptus" decemsatus Scudder 1878 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
†"Sitona" grandaevus Scudder 1876 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
†subfamily Eobelinae Arnoldi 1977
†tribe Eobelini Arnoldi 1977
†Archaeorrhynchoides Legalov 2009 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Archaeorrhynchus Martynov 1926 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Eobelus Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Martynovirhynchus Legalov 2010 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†tribe Karataucarini Legalov 2009
†Ampliceps Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†tribe Oxycorynoidini Arnoldi 1977
†Oxycorynoides Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Barremian Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
†Microprobelus Liu et al. 2006 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
†Khetoxycorynoides Legalov 2011 Emanra Formation, Russia, Turonian
†Cratomacer Zherikhin and Gratshev 2004 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
†tribe Probelini Legalov 2009
†Belonotaris Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Probelus Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
Incertae sedis
†Longidorsum Zhang 1997 Dalazi Formation, China, Aptian
†subfamily Paleocartinae Legalov 2003
†tribe Metrioxenoidini Legalov 2009
†Brasilnemonyx Legalov 2009 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
†Cretoxenoides Legalov 2010 Huhtyk Formation, Mongolia, Hauterivian
†Khetanamonyx Legalov 2009 Emanra Formation, Russia, Turonian
†Megametrioxenoides Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Tsagaantsav Formation, Mongolia, Valanginian
†Metrioxenoides Gratshev et al. 1998 Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
†tribe Paleocartini Legalov 2003
†subtribe Nebrenthorrhinina Legalov 2007
†Nebrenthorrhinus Legalov 2003 La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Spain, Barremian
†subtribe Paleocartina Legalov 2003
†Paleocartus Legalov 2003 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†tribe Selengarhynchini Gratshev and Legalov 2009
†Selengarhynchoides Legalov 2010 Sharin-Gol Formation, Mongolia, Barremian
†Selengarhynchus Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Sharin-Gol Formation, Mongolia, Barremian
Subfamily Rhinorhynchinae Voss 1922
Tribe Mecomacerini Kuschel 1994
†Burmomacer Legalov 2018 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Burmonyx Davis and Engel 2014 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Guillermorhinus Clarke and Oberprieler 2018 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Renicimberis Legalov 2009 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian

References

ICZN (2005) Opinion 2111 (Case 3093). Nemonychidae Bedel, November 1882 (Insecta, Coleoptera): given precedence over Cimberididae Gozis, March 1882; and Cimberis Gozis, 1881: usage conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 62(2): 101–103.
Anderson, R.S, Oberprieler, R.G., Marvaldi, A.E. 2014. 3.1 Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882. In: Leschen R.A.B. & Beutel, R.G. (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, Coleoptera, Beetles Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). DeGruyter, Berlin, pp. 301–398.
Kuschel, G. & Leschen, R. A. (2011). Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Rhinorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 24(6), 573-615.
Shin S, Clarke DJ, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon E, Aitken AL, Haddad S, Farrell BD, Marvaldi AE, Oberprieler RG, McKenna DD (2018) Phylogenomic data yield new and robust insights into the phylogeny and evolution of weevils. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35: 823-836. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx324
McKenna, Duane D.; Sequeira, Andrea S.; Marvaldi, Adriana E.; Farrell, Brian D. (2009-04-13). "Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (17): 7083–7088. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810618106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2678426. PMID 19365072.
Kusche, G. (1983). "Past and present of the relict family nemonychidae (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)". GeoJournal. 7 (6). doi:10.1007/bf00218522. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 83680109.

Riedel, A. (2010). A new tribe, genus and species of Nemonychidae from Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Nemonychidae: Cimberidinae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 41, 29–38.

External links

Images of Nemonychidae species in New Zealand