Nemestrinidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Brachycera
Infraordo: Asilomorpha
Superfamilia: Nemestrinoidea

Familia: Nemestrinidae
Subfamiliae: Atriadopinae – Cyclopsideinae – Falleniinae – Hirmoneurinae – Nemestrininae – †Archinemestriinae
Genera incertae sedis: †Prohirmoneura
[Source: Bernardi (1973); Papavero & Bernardi (2009a, 2009b)]
Overview of genera

Atriadops – Ceyloniola – Cyclopsidea – Fallenia – Hirmobequaertia – Hirmoia – Hirmoneura – Hirmoneuropsis – Hirmoneurota – Hyrmophlaeba – Indohirmoneura – Moegistorhynchus – Nemestrinus – Neohirmoneura – Neorhynchocephalus – Nycterimorpha – Nycterimyia – Parahirmooneura – Prosoeca – Stenobasipteron – Stenopteromyia – Trichophthalma – Trichopsidea – †Aenigmestrinus – †Archinemestrius – †Eohirmoneura – †Palembolus – †Prohirmoneura – †Protonemestrius
[Source: Bernardi (1973, 1976, 1977); Mostovski (1998); Papavero & Bernardi (2009b)]

Check: †Sinonemestrius
Name

Nemestrinidae Griffith & Pidgeon, 1832

Type genus: Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802.
Synonymy

Nemestrinae Griffith & Pidgeon, 1832: 754
Nemestrinidae: Macquart, 1834: 370

References
Primary references

Griffith, E. & Pidgeon, E. 1832. The class Insecta arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions to each order. And notices of new genera and species by George Gray, Esq. Volume the second. In: Griffith, E. et al. (eds.) The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions to each order, by Edward Griffith, and others. Volume the fifteenth. Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London. 796 pp. BHL.
Macquart, P.-J.-M. 1834. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Diptères I. In Roret, N.E. (ed). Nouvelles suites à Buffon, formant, avec les œuvres de cet auteur, un cours complet d’histoire naturelle. Collection accompagnée de planches. Paris, 1–578 pp. BHL. Reference page.

Additional references

Barraclough, D.A. 2006. An overview of the South African tangle­veined flies (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with an annotated key to the genera and a checklist of species. Zootaxa 1277: 39–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1277.1.4 Paywall. Plazi.
Barraclough, D.A., Colville, J.F., Karolyi, F. & Krenn, H.W. 2018. A striking new species of Prosoeca Schiner, 1867 (Diptera: Nemestrinidae): An important pollinator from the Bokkeveld Plateau, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Zootaxa 4497(3): 411–421. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.3.5 Paywall Reference page.
Bernardi, N. 1973. The genera of the family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera). Arquivos de Zoologia 24(4): 211–318. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318 Open access.
Bernardi, N. 1976. Classificação da subfamilia Hirmoneurinae (Diptera, Nemestrinidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 30(2): 25–33. [not seen]
Bernardi, N. 1977. A tribo Hyrmophlaebini (Diptera, Nemestridae, Hirmoneurinae), com treze espécies novas da América do Sul. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 30(16): 239–259. [not seen]
El-Hashash, A.E., Badrawy, H.B.M. & Ibrahim, A.M-E. 2021. A review of tangle-veined flies (Nemestrinidae, Diptera) in Egypt. ZooKeys 1071ː 11–42. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743 Open access Reference page.
Kosmann, C. & Lamas, C.J.E. 2016. FAMILY NEMESTRINIDAE. In Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 350–352. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.29. Reference page.
Morita, S.I. 2011: Repeatability and precision in proboscis length measurements for long proboscid flies. Zootaxa, 3112: 49–58. Preview
Mostovski, M.B. 1998. [Revision of the tangle-vein flies (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) described by B.B. Rohdendorf, and new taxa of nemestrinids from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 4: 47–53. (in Russian) [English translation: Paleontological Journal 32(4): 369–375. PDF.]
Papavero, N. & Bernardi, N. 2009. Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Nemestrinidae. Neotropical Diptera 7: 1–16. PDF.
Papavero, N. & Bernardi, N. 2009. Manual of Neotropical Diptera. Nemestrinidae. Neotropical Diptera 8: 1–11. PDF.
Zhang, J-F. 2017. On the enigmatic Sinonemestrius Hong & Wang, 1990, with description of a new species based on a complete fossil fly (Diptera, Brachycera, Tabanomorpha, Heterostomidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 61–67. DOI: 10.3897/dez.64.11724. Reference page.

Vernacular names
中文: 网翅虻科

Nemestrinidae, or tangle-veined flies is a family of flies in the superfamily Nemestrinoidea, closely related to Acroceridae. The family is small but distributed worldwide, with about 300 species in 34 genera. Larvae are endoparasitoids of either grasshoppers (Trichopsideinae) or scarab beetles (Hirmoneurinae). Some are considered important in the control of grasshopper populations. Adults are often observed on flowers.

Genera

Atriadops c g
Ceyloniola c g
Cyclopsidea c g
Fallenia c g
Hirmoneura i c g
Hyrmophlaeba Rondani, 1864 g b
Moegistorhynchus c g
Nemestrinus c g
Neohirmoneura b
Neorhynchocephalus Lichtwardt, 1909 i c g b
Nycterimorpha c g
Nycterimyia c g
Prosoeca c g
Stenobasipteron c g
Stenopteromyia c g
Trichophthalma c g
Trichopsidea Westwood, 1839 c g b

Data sources: i = ITIS,[1] c = Catalogue of Life,[2] g = GBIF,[3] b = Bugguide.net[4]
Fossil history

Fossils of Nemestrinidae are known from several localities of various ages in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Western Europe and North America, with the oldest described fossils being in the Middle-Upper Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan and Daohugou Bed of China.[5][6][7] Undescribed remains are known from the Upper Liassic of Germany.

†subfamily Archinemestriinae Rohdendorf 1968
†Aenigmestrinus Mostovski 1998 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Archinemestrius Rohdendorf 1968 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
†Mesonemestrius Zhang et al. 2017 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Protonemestrius Rohdendorf 1968 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
†Ahirmoneura Zhang et al. 2008 Daohugou, China, Callovian
†Florinemestrius Ren, 1998 g
†Prohirmoneura Handlirsch, 1906
†Rhagionemestrius Usachev, 1968
†Sinonemestrius

References

"Nemestrinidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
"Browse Nemestrinidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
"Nemestrinidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
"Nemestrinidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
Mostovski, M.B. 1998. Revision of the tangle-vein flies (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) described by B.B. Rohdendorf, and new taxa of nemestrinids from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan. Paleontological Journal, 4: 47-53.[1]
Ansorge, J., Mostovski, M.B. 2000. Redescription of Prohirmoneura jurassica Handlirsch 1906 (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) from the Lower Tithonian lithographic limestone of Eichstaett. N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Mh. 4: 235-243.
Wedmann, S. 2007. A nemestrinid fly (Insecta: Diptera: Nemestrinidae: cf. Hirmoneura) from the Eocene Messel pit (Germany). Journal of Paleontology 81 (5): 1114-1117.[2]