Idolomantis

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Supercohort: Polyneoptera
Cohort: Dictyoptera
Ordo: Mantodea

Familia: Empusidae
Subfamilia: Blepharodinae
Genus: Idolomantis

Idolomantis is a genus of praying mantises in the family Empusidae. It is represented by a single species, Idolomantis diabolica, commonly known as the devil's flower mantis or giant devil's flower mantis. It is one of the largest species of praying mantises, and is possibly the largest that mimics flowers[3]

Description
Idolomantis diabolica, subadult

Idolomantis diabolica is a large mantis of the family Empusidae. Females grow to be about 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and males to about 10 cm (3.9 in).[4] It is native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia, Tanzania, South Sudan, and Uganda. Its threat display is magnificently colored, with red, white, blue, purple, and black.[5]
Anatomy

The basic anatomical structure of I. diabolica is similar to most species of the order Mantodea, but the morphology of each species varies according to its native habitat, and this species is modified somewhat to enhance its floral mimicry.
Head

The head of I. diabolica contains three vital components: compound eyes, antennae, and mandibles. The compound eyes, composed of thousands of individual photoreceptor cells, enable good eyesight. The arrangement of photoreceptor units, for instance, allows the insect to capture a perceptual span of 180°.[6] This allows I. diabolica to identify prey and predators without increasing its vulnerability by spoiling its camouflage. The antennae, a pair of long and thin bristles, serve as the insect's sensory perception. Projecting outwards, the antennae can detect much in the surrounding environment such as chemicals, movement, and odors. The male antennae are more developed than those of the females and are feather-like. This allows them to track down females by detecting the pheromones released by the females. These pheromones notify the males that the females are ready to reproduce.[7] The mandibles can be used to "tear, puncture, or grind" food.[8]
Thorax

The thorax constitutes a large portion of the insect's body. As in all insects, it is composed of three segments: the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.[7] Each section "contains one pair of legs, however, the wings are found only on the mesothoracic and metathoracic segments."[7]
Abdomen

Reproductive organs, respiratory organs, and other organ systems occupy the abdominal region of the insect.
Behaviour
Defensive behaviour

When confronted by a predator, I. diabolica initiates a deimatic display in an attempt "to scare off or momentarily distract a predator".[9] Its front legs, specifically the femora, are raised to expose the conspicuous patterns depicted on the bottom of the thorax and abdomen. Similarly, the wings display a combination of vibrant colours. Observational analysis of I. diabolica in captive settings revealed an additional tactic of shifting its wings left to right to startle and confuse predators.[10]
Predatory behaviour

In the presence of prey, I. diabolica, impersonating a flower, remains motionless. Its objective is to seduce the insect into its striking zone. In this zone, Idolomantis diabolica uses the tibiae of its legs to grasp and maintain a strong grip on the prey. The mandibles are then "wielded as formidable weapons" to decapitate and devour the prey.[8] The dietary preference of I. diabolica is exclusively airborne insects, specifically flies, moths, butterflies and beetles.[11]
Reproduction
Copulation

Before reproducing, mature females display dimorphic features in an attempt to attract males. Females lower the tips of their abdomens and raise their wings slightly to expose more of the uppermost side of the abdomen, thus releasing pheromone to attract a mate.[11] However, sexual cannibalism is prominent among pairs of I. diabolica that remain in captivity. Due to their precautious nature, intrusive environments lead to aggressive behaviour. For example, a female, in the process of copulating, adopts predatorial instincts, which often conclude with the female devouring the head of the male.[6]
Nymphs

A female deposits some 10 to 50 eggs in an ootheca.[11] The period between egg-laying and hatching varies according to temperature and humidity, but about fifty days would be typical.[12] After hatching, the nymphs feed on small insects such as houseflies and fruit flies. Males develop into adults after undergoing ecdysis about seven times into successive instars, while females mature after about eight instars.[11] The lifespan of I. diabolica varies according to the habitat, but is typically about 12 months.[6]
Pet industry

Due to its beauty and dramatic displays, I. diabolica is considered a prestigious pet. Consumers, specifically in the Western Hemisphere, purchase thousands on a yearly basis.
See also

List of mantis genera and species
Flower mantis
Blepharopsis mendica

References

"Idolomantis diabolica (Saussure, 1869)". Mantodea Species File (Version 1.0/4.0). Retrieved March 3, 2012.
William Forsell Kirby (1904). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Volume 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria (Forficulid , Hemimerid , Blattid , Mantid , Phasmid ) (PDF). p. 316.
"Idolomantis Uvarov, 1940". Mantodea Species File (Version 1.0/4.0). Retrieved March 3, 2012.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
"Idolomantis diabolica (Devils flower mantis) Caresheet". InsectStore. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
Laman, Tim. "Praying Mantis". National Geographic. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
"Insect Morphology". University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Schmidt, Chris. "Morphological and Functional Diversity of Ant Mandibles". Tree of Life. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
"Devils Flower Mantis". Keeping Insects. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
"Devils Flower Mantis". Keeping insects. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
"Giant Devils Flower Mantis" (PDF). Louisville Zoo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Saw, Yen. "Giant Devil Flower Mantis Log". USA Mantis. Retrieved 2 April 2014.