Ephydridae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Brachycera
Infraordo: Muscomorpha
Sectio: Schizophora
Subsectio: Acalyptrata
Superfamilia: Ephydroidea

Familia:Ephydridae
Subfamiliae: Discomyzinae - Ephydrinae - Gymnomyzinae - Hydrelliinae - Ilytheinae
[source: Zatwarnicki (1992)]

Overview of genera (129)

Achaetorisa – Actocetor – Allotrichoma – Amalopteryx – Asmeringa – Athyroglossa – Atissa – Austrocoenia – Axysta – Beckeriella – Brachydeutera – Callinapaea – Calocoenia – Cavatorella – Cerobothrium – Cerometopum – Ceropsilopa – Chaetomosillus – Chlorichaeta – Cirrula – Clanoneurum – Clasiopella – Cnestrum – Coenia – Cressonomyia – Dagus – Dichaeta – Diclasiopa – Diedrops – Dimecoenia – Diphuia – Discocerina – Discomyza – Ditrichophora – Donaceus – Dryxo – Eleleides – Elephantinosoma – Ephydra – Ephydrella – Eremomusca – Eremotrichoma – Eutaenionotum – Facitrichophora – Galaterina – Garifuna – Gastrops – Glenanthe – Guttipsilopa – Gymnoclasiopa – Gymnopiella – Halmopota – Hecamede – Hecamedoides – Helaeomyia – Homalometopus – Hoploaegis – Hostis – Hyadina – Hydrellia – Hydrochasma – Ilythea – Isgamera – Karema – Lamproscatella – Lemnaphila – Leptopsilopa – Limnellia – Lipochaeta – Lytogaster – Microlytogaster – Mimapsilopa – Mosillus – Neoephydra – Nostima – Notiocoenia – Notiphila – Ochthera – Omyxa – Orasiopa – Papuama – Paracoenia – Paraephydra – Paraglenanthe – Parahyadina – Paralimna – Paratissa – Parydra – Parydroptera – Pectinifer – Pelignellus – Pelina – Pelinoides – Peltopsilopa – Philippinocesa – Philotelma – Philygria – Physemops – Placopsidella – Platygymnopa – Polytrichophora – Pseudohyadina – Pseudopelina – Psilephydra – Psilopa – Psilopoidea – Ptilomyia – Rhinonapaea – Rhynchopsilopa – Rhysophora – Risa – Saphaea – Scatella – Scatophila – Schema – Scoliocephalus – Scotimyza – Setacera – Sinops – Stratiothyrea – Subpelignus – Tauromima – Trimerina – Trimerinoides – Trimerogastra – Tronamyia – Trypetomima – Typopsilopa – Zeros
Name

Ephydridae

References
cited sources

Costa, D.N.R., Mathis, W.N. & Marinoni, L. 2016. A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 631: 1–99. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.631.10718. Reference page.
Zatwarnicki, T. 1992: A new classification of Ephydridae based on phylogenetic reconstruction (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Genus, 3: 65–119.

Additional references

Kahanpää, J. & Zatwarnicki, T. 2015. Notes on Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Finland and north-western Russia. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e4701. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e4701. Reference page.
Koçak, A.Ö.; Kemal, M. 2010: Nomenclatural notes on some families of the order Diptera. Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara miscellaneous papers, 152: 8–9. Internet Archive
Mathis, W.N., Costa, D.N.R. & Marinoni, L. 2015: A review of Mimapsilopa Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 3926(4): 499–522. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.4.3. Reference page.
Mathis, W.N. & Deeming, J.C. 1987. A revision of the shore fly genus Elephantinosoma Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89: 562–570. full articl (BHL). Reference page.
Mathis, W.N., Rodrigues, F. de A. Jr. & Couri, M.S. 2016. FAMILY EPHYDRIDAE. In Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 752–770. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.64. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Mathis, W.N.; Zatwarnicki, T. 1995: A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on entomology, international, (4)
Savaris, M., Marinoni, L. & Mathis, W.N. 2016. Revision of the shore-fly genus Peltopsilopa Hendel (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa 4083(1): 83–98. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.1.4.Reference page.
Zatwarnicki, T. 1991: Changes in nomenclature and synonymies of some genera and species of Ephydridae. (Diptera). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 38(4-5): 295–333. DOI: 10.1002/mmnd.19910380403
Zatwarnicki, T. & Cielniak, M. 2015: A review of the genus Discomyza (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Afrotropical, Australasian/Oceanian and Oriental Regions. Zootaxa 3963(1): 1–26. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3963.1.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Zatwarnicki, T. & Irwin, A.G. 2018. Taxonomic notes on the genera Scatella and Scatophila (Diptera: Ephydridae) with a remark on Trixoscelis chilensis (Trixoscelididae). Zootaxa 4377(1): 91–109. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4377.1.6 Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: shore flies, brine flies
日本語: ミギワバエ科
中文: 水蝇科

Ephydridae (shore fly, sometimes brine fly) is a family of insects in the order Diptera.

Shore flies are tiny flies that can be found near seashores or at smaller inland waters, such as ponds. About 2,000 species have been described worldwide,[2] including Ochthera.

The petroleum fly, Helaeomyia petrolei, is the only known insect whose larvae live in naturally occurring crude petroleum. Another notable species is Ephydra hians which lives in vast number at Mono Lake.
Hyadina pulchella note the patterned wings, wide mouth and (on upper side) plumose arista
Discomyza wing veins

Description

For terms, see Morphology of Diptera.

The flies are minute to small (0.9 to 7.0 mm), with black or gray colorations. Wings are sometimes patterned. Costa with two interruptions are present in first section, near the humeral cross-vein and again near the end of vein 1. The second basal cell is not separated from the discal cell. Arista are bare or with hairs on the upper side (plumose on the upper side). The mouth opening is very large in some species. The ratio of vertical diameter of eye and height of gena (face index) is widely used in identification of individual species.
Limnellia quadrata on Urtica video

See also family description and images.
Larvae

In the tribe Notiphilini the head is reduced to a cephalic skeleton, there are no anterior spiracles and the posterior spiracles are extended as spines. The other taxa have larvae similar to the Sciomyzidae, with the posterior spiracles at the apices of divergent branches from a common base. They may be differentiated by short thoracic segments (like the abdominal ones) and by the absence of a ventral arch linking the mouth hooks.
Identification

Andersson, H. (1971), The European species of Limnellia (Dipt., Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica 2: 53–59.Key to European species.
Becker, T. (1926), Ephydridae. 56a. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region 6: 1–115. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
Canzoneri, S. & Meneghini, D. (1983), Ephydridae e Canaceidae. Fauna d’Italia XX.Revision of the Italian species for these two families (in Italian).
Mathis, W.N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1990), A revision of the western Palaearctic species of Athyroglossa (Diptera: Ephydridae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 116: 103–133. Revision of the West Palaearctic species of the genus.
E.P. Narchuk Family Ephydridae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition.
Zatwarnicki, T. (1997), Ephydridae. In: Nilsson, A. (Ed.) Aquatic Insects of North Europe (A Taxonomic Handbook). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. Includes a key (in English) to the genera.

Habitats

Ephydridae occupy a diverse array of seashore and wetland habitats including hot springs, petroleum pools, salt pools, alkaline lakes, marshes. Imago are phytophagous, sometimes feeding on microscopic algae and bacteria (Paracoenia, Ephydra), or predatory (Ochthera, Ephydrinae). As larvae, many are phytophagous, grazing on aquatic plants (including cultivated rice), others are algal grazers or saprophagous. Larvae of Trimerina are predatory. Some species are an important food source for other animals. Others cause damage to agricultural crops.[3]

Larvae of some Ephydridae live in very unusual habitats. For example, Ephydra brucei lives in hot springs and geysers where the water temperature exceeds 45 degrees Celsius; some Scatella live in hot sulphur springs; Helaeomyia petrolei develops in pools of crude oil; and Ephydra cinerea, the brine fly proper, in pools with very high concentrations of salt. Some have public health significance being associated with sewage filter beds and septic tanks. Flies develop in moist soils or mine leaves of aquatic, subaquatic, and rarely dry soil (Hydrellia) plants. Flies are found near water along coasts, among aquatic vegetation and sometimes on water surfaces (Ephydra).
Species lists

Western Palaearctic
Nearctic
Japan