Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Ordo: Orthoptera
Subordo: Ensifera
Infraordines: †Elcanidea – Gryllidea – †Oedischiidea – Tettigoniidea
Superfamiliae: Grylloidea – Hagloidea – Rhaphidophoroidea – Schizodactyloidea – Stenopelmatoidea – Tettigonioidea
†Gryllavoidea – Gryllacridoidea – †Phasmomimoidea
Familiae: Raphoglidae – Tettavidae – Triassomanteidae – Vitimiidae
Genera: Acridiites – Araripemyrmecophilops – Elcanopsis – Falsirameus – Kulmbachiellon – Liadolocusta – Liassogrylloides – Locustopsites – Thnetus – Yuxiania
References
Béthoux, O. & Nel, A. 2002. Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov. Zootaxa 96(1): 1–88. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.96.1.1 Paywall. Reference page.
Dey, L-S. & Husemann, M. 2018. An annotated catalogue of the types of bush-crickets and crickets (Orthoptera, Ensifera) housed in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Evolutionary Systematics 2: 115-124. DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.2.27030 Reference page.
Ingrisch, S. 2011: Order Orthoptera Oliver, 1789. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011: Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148: 195–197. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7 (online edition) PDF
Jost, M.C.; Shaw, K.L. 2006: Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) using three ribosomal loci, with implications for the evolution of acoustic communication. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 38: 510–530.
Yang, J., Ren, Q-L. & Huang, Y. 2016. Complete mitochondrial genomes of three crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and comparative analyses within Ensifera mitogenomes. Zootaxa 4092(4): 529–547. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.4 Reference page.
Links
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Fauna Europaea.
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Paleobiology Database.
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR).
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Orthoptera Species File.
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Plant Parasites of Europe (PPE).
Ensifera (Orthoptera) – Taxon details on Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBio).
Vernacular names
English: Crickets and katydids
español: Grillos
Nordfriisk: Hopern an staapken
français: Ensifères
magyar: Tojócsövesek
日本語: キリギリス亜目（剣弁亜目）
polski: Długoczułkowe
português: Grilos e esperanças
中文: 長角亞目
Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies including: true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, weta and Cooloola monsters. This and the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and their allies) make up the order Orthoptera. Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera, with its origins in the Carboniferous period,[2] the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period.[3] Unlike the Caelifera, the Ensifera contain numerous members that are partially carnivorous, feeding on other insects, as well as plants.
Ensifer is Latin for "sword bearer", and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females.[4]
Characteristics
Characteristics shared by the two orthopteran suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, are the mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing, the modified prothorax, the hind legs modified for jumping, the wing shape and venation, and the sound-producing stridulatory organs.[2]
Ensiferans are distinguished from Caeliferans by their elongated, threadlike antennae, which are often longer than the length of their bodies and have over 30 segments (except in the subterranean Cooloolidae family). For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "long-horned orthopterans". In the families in which the males sing, the fore wings have modifications that include toothed veins and scrapers for making the noise, and the surrounding membranous areas amplify the sound. In these groups, the sound-detecting tympanal organs are located on the tibiae of the front legs.[5] The tarsi have three segments and the ovipositor is blade-like or needle-like. The male attaches the spermatophore externally to the female's gonopore. The spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax, the function of which is to provide a nutritional nuptial gift to the female.[5][6]
Taxonomy
A mole cricket, showing the front legs specialised for digging
A cave cricket, showing the long hind legs and antennae
A Cooloola monster, a subterranean family from Queensland, Australia
A splay-footed cricket from South India
The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following superfamilies and families.[7]
- Infraorder Elcanidea †
- Superfamily Elcanoidea †
- Family Elcanidae † (Late Triassic - Paleocene)
- Family Permelcanidae † (Early Permian - Late Triassic)
- Superfamily Permoraphidioidea †
- Family Permoraphidiidae † (Permian)
- Family Pseudelcanidae † (Early Permian)
- Family Thueringoedischiidae † (Early Permian)
- Superfamily Elcanoidea †
- Infraorder Oedischiidea
- Superfamily Oedischioidea †
- Superfamily Triassomantoidea †
- Superfamily Xenopteroidea †
- Infraorder Gryllidea
- Infraorder Tettigoniidea
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Superfamily Phasmomimoidea †
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea
- Family Anostostomatidae - wētā (except cave wētā), king crickets
- Family Cooloolidae - Cooloola monsters
- Family Gryllacrididae - leaf-rolling crickets
- Family Stenopelmatidae - Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily Tettigonioidea: one extant family Tettigoniidae - bush crickets, katydids, koringkrieks
- Genus: Tettoraptor †
- Superfamily Gryllavoidea †
- Family Gryllavidae †
- Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea
- Family Rhaphidophoridae - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wētā
- Superfamily Schizodactyloidea
- Family Schizodactylidae - dune or splay-footed crickets
- Family Raphoglidae †
- Genus: Raphogla †
- Family Vitimiidae †
Phylogeny
Prophalangopsidae: Jurassic fossil Pycnophlebia speciosa
The phylogenetic relationships of the Ensifera, summarized by Darryl Gwynne in 1995 from his own work and that of earlier authors,[a] are shown in the following cladogram, with the Orthoptera divided into two main groups, Ensifera and Caelifera (grasshoppers). Fossil Ensifera are found from the late Carboniferous period onwards.[5][9]
The oldest known fossil in the Archaeorthoptera, the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds in the Upper Silesian Basin of the Czech Republic.[10]
| Orthoptera |
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Notes
Gwynne cites Ander 1939, Zeuner 1939, Judd 1947, Key 1970, Ragge 1977 and Rentz 1991 as supporting the two-part scheme (Ensifera, Caelifera) in his 1995 paper.[9]
References
Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang; Bu, Wen-jun (2016). "Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)". Scientific Reports. 6: 38939. doi:10.1038/srep38939. PMC 5154178. PMID 27958352.
Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. pp. 232, 733–735. ISBN 978-0-08-092090-0.
Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London: British Museum Natural History.
"Orthoptera". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
Gwynne, Darryl T.; DeSutter; Laure (1996). "Ensifera: Crickets, katydids and weta". TOLweb. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Vahed; K. (1998). "The function of nuptial feeding in insects: review of empirical studies" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 73: 43–78. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00025.x. S2CID 86644963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
"Suborder Ensifera". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
Gwynne, Darryl T. (1995). "Phylogeny of the Ensifera (Orthoptera): a hypothesis supporting multiple origins of acoustical signalling, complex spermatophores and maternal care in crickets, katydids, and weta". Journal of Orthoptera Research. 4 (4): 203–218. doi:10.2307/3503478. JSTOR 3503478.
Prokop, Jakub; Nel, André; Hoch, Ivan (2005). "Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera)". Geobios. 38 (3): 383–387. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.11.006.
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