Brassolini

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Nymphalidae
Subfamilia: Morphinae
Tribus: Brassolini
Subtribus (3): Biina - Brassolina - Naropina

Name

Brassolini Boisduval, 1836
References

Lamas, G. 2004. (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J.B. (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol.5A, Pt.4A. Assn. for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. 439pp. Reference page.

Brassolini is a tribe usually placed in the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Morphinae, which is often included in the Satyrinae as a tribe Morphini. If this is accepted, the Brassolini become the sister tribe of the Morphini among the Satyrinae. Formerly, they were treated as an independent family Brassolidae or subfamily Brassolinae. Many members of this tribe are called owl butterflies.[1]

The Brassolini is a Neotropical butterfly group that currently includes 102 species[2] and contain 17 genera in two or three subtribes, depending whether the enigmatic genus Bia is assigned here as the most basal lineage. The other genera are divided into one small and more ancestral subtribe, and a more advanced one that unites the bulk of the genera.[1]

The Brassolini butterflies with characters form adult stage show a more stronger phylogeny than those with of early stages.[2]
Genera

Genera are listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence.[1]

Subtribe Biina (tentatively placed here)

Bia

Subtribe Naropina

Aponarope
Narope

Subtribe Brassolina

Brassolis
Dynastor
Dasyophthalma
Opoptera (= Mimoblepia)
Caligo – giant owl butterflies
Caligopsis
Eryphanis
Selenophanes
Penetes
Catoblepia
Mielkella
Orobrassolis
Blepolenis
Opsiphanes

References

Wahlberg & Brower (2008)

Penz, Carla M.; Freitas, Andre V. L.; Kaminski, Lucas A.; Casagrande, Mirna M.; Devries, Philip J. (2013). "Adult and early-stage characters of Brassolini contain conflicting phylogenetic signal (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)". Systematic Entomology. 38 (2): 316–333. doi:10.1111/syen.12000. ISSN 1365-3113. S2CID 84770956.

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Wikispecies has information related to Brassolini.

Penz, Carla M. (2007) Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology, 32: 668-689.
Wahlberg, Niklas & Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Brassolini. Version of 2008-JAN-30. Retrieved 2009-APR-07.
Brassolini Virtual Collection. Penz, Carla, Web-based resource: http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/Brassolini.html Retrieved 2012-MAR-13.
Research on Brassolini. Penz, Carla, Web-based resource: http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/rese-brassolini.html Retrieved 2012-MAR-13.