Acherontia

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Cladus: Macroheterocera
Superfamilia: Bombycoidea

Familia: Sphingidae
Subfamilia: Sphinginae
Tribus: Sphingini
Subtribus: Acherontiina
Genus: Acherontia
Species: A. atropos – A. lachesis – A. styx
Name

Acherontia Laspeyres, 1809
Synonyms

Manduca Hübner, [1806]
Atropos Oken, 1815
Brachyglossa Boisduval, [1828]
Atropos Agassiz, 1846

References
Additional references

Eitschberger, U. 2003b: Checkliste aller Taxa der Gattung Acherontia [Laspeyres], 1809 mit der Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart von Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius, 1798), zusammen mit einem morphologischen Vergleich der Genitalarmaturen verschiedener Populationen dieser Art (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Neue entomologische nachrichten, 54: 67–103. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Hogenes, W. & C.G. Treadaway, 1998: The Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo Supplement 17: 17–132.

The name death's-head hawkmoth refers to any of three moth species of the genus Acherontia (Acherontia atropos, Acherontia styx and Acherontia lachesis). The former species is found in Europe and throughout Africa, the latter two are Asian; most uses of the common name refer to the European species. These moths are easily distinguishable by the vaguely human skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. They are large nocturnal moths with brown and yellow or orange coloring, and all three species are fairly similar in size, coloration and life cycle.

Description

The African death's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos) is the largest moth in the British Isles, with a wingspan of 5 in (13 cm); it is a powerful flier, having sometimes been found on ships far from land. The forewings are a mottled dark brown and pale brown, and the hind wings are orangey-buff with two narrow dark bands parallel with the hind margin. The abdomen is a similar orangey-brown, with a broad, dark dorsal stripe. The most notable feature is a patch of short yellowish hairs on the thorax that gives the impression of depicting a human skull. It is a striking insect, but is seldom seen because it flies late in the night.[1]

A 2020 study describes how, when viewed upside-down, Acherontia atropos creates an illusion of a head with eyes: the mark on its thorax likened to a human skull is the "nose", with the skull's eye-sockets resembling nostrils. Spots on its forewings can be seen as eyes, and various other markings and features can be interpreted as ears, muzzle and lips. This illusion is also present in Agrius convolvuli (convolvulus hawk-moth) and five other species, with the study author suggesting that the function of the illusion of an eyed head is "almost certainly to deter, distract or otherwise deceive predators".[2]

The caterpillar of the African death's-head hawkmoth is also sturdy and somewhat variable in colour, being some shade of buff, green or brown, with seven diagonal blue lines. At the rear is a curved, thorn-like horn. It can attain a length of 5 to 6 in (13 to 15 cm). The other two species of death's-head hawkmoth similarly have three larval color forms: typically, green, brown and yellow. The pupa is stout and reddish-brown, and is formed 8 to 10 in (20 to 25 cm) under the ground in a chamber the size of a large hen's egg.[1]
Development

Eggs are laid singly under old leaves of a host plant and are green or greyish-blue. In the greater death's-head hawkmoth the host plant is usually the potato, but may also be tomato, woody nightshade, jasmine or common buckthorn. None of the three species is restricted to a single family of host plant, but hosts are typically in the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae and others. The larvae are stout, reaching 120–130 mm, with a prominent tail horn. Larvae do not move much, and will click their mandibles or even bite if threatened. When mature, they burrow underground and excavate a chamber where they pupate.
Behaviour

These moths have several unusual features. All three species have the ability to emit a loud chirp if irritated. The sound is produced by inhaling and expelling air, which vibrates the epipharynx like an accordion, often accompanied by flashing of the brightly colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators. The chirp of the death's head hawkmoth takes approximately one-fifth of a second. A study by National Geographic found that the epipharynx was originally built to suck up honey, but later evolved to produce sound.[3]

Adults of all three species are commonly observed raiding beehives of different species of honey bee; A. atropos only invades colonies of the well-known western honey bee, Apis mellifera, and feeds on both nectar and honey. They can move about in hives without being disturbed because they mimic the scent of the bees and are not recognised as intruders.[4] If their disguise is discovered, the moth's thick waxy cuticle helps to protect it against stings.

Leaves of the potato plant contain calystegines, a group of polyhydroxy alkaloids, which are toxic. The larva of A. atropos feeding on potato foliage accumulates these alkaloids.[5]
In popular culture

The skull-like pattern and its fanciful associations with the supernatural and evil have fostered superstitious fears of Acherontia species, particularly Acherontia atropos, perhaps because it is the most widely known. The moths' sharp, mouse-like squeaking intensify the effect. Nor is this a new attitude: during the mid-19th century, entomologist Edward Newman, having earlier mentioned the mark on the thorax wrote: "However, let the cause of the noise be what it may, the effect is to produce the most superstitious feelings among the uneducated, by whom it is always regarded with feelings of awe and terror."[6]

These moths have often been featured in art, such as by German artist Sulamith Wülfing and English artist William Holman Hunt in his 1851 painting The Hireling Shepherd.

Films such as Un Chien Andalou (1929, by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí) and the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs (and in Chapter 33 of the source novel, whereas in Chapter 14 a different moth species is used, the black witch moth[7]) feature the moth. The death's-head moth also featured in the 1968 horror film The Blood Beast Terror starring Peter Cushing. The species Acherontia atropos is mentioned, though the costume of the human-moth hybrid creature is not an accurate representation of the moth.[8] The moth plays a central role in the 2015 Taiwanese horror film The Tag-Along.[9] In the 2018 Spanish film The Warning, based on the novel by Paul Pen, the moth Acherontia atropos appears many times along the film to illustrate the protagonist's progressive descent into madness. An image of the moth was also used in the posters of the film.

In 2018 survival horror game, Remothered: Tormented Fathers by Italian artist Chris Darril, they represent both the transformation and the human psyche. They also work as a parasite which interfere with people's memories, old repressed events and guilty feels.[10][11]

According to legend, the species was first seen in Britain at the time of the execution of King Charles I,[12] but it is more likely to have simply become more common by that time, having arrived with the first transportation of potatoes some decades earlier. Though rarer, it is still occasionally sighted in the country.[13]

Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Sphinx describes a close encounter with a death's-headed sphinx moth, describing it as "the genus Sphinx, of the family Crepuscularia of the order Lepidoptera."[14]

The species names atropos, lachesis and styx are all from Greek myth and related to death. The first refers to the member of the three Moirai who cuts the threads of life of all beings; the second to the Moira who allots the correct amount of life to a being; and the last refers to the river of the dead. In addition the genus name Acherontia is derived from Acheron, a river of Greek myth that was said to be a branch of the river Styx.

References

Hall, Charles A. (1943). A Pocket-Book of British Butterflies, Moths and Other Winged Insects. Adam and Charles Black. pp. 36–37.
Craik, Clive (October 2020). "A new interpretation of the 'skull' of the Death's-head Hawk-moth Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)". Entomologist's Gazette. Pemberley Books. 71 (4): 273–277(5). doi:10.31184/G00138894.714.1780. S2CID 226342059.
"Secret of "Death" Moth's Scary Squeak Revealed". National Geographic News. 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Moritz, R.F.A.; Kirchner, W.H.; Crewe, R.M. 1991. Chemical camouflage of the death's head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos L.) in honeybee colonies. Naturwissenschaften 78 (4): 179-182.
Nash, Robert J.; Rothschild, Miriam; Porter, Elaine A.; Watson, Alison A.; Waigh, Roger D.; Waterman, Peter G. (1993). "Calystegines in Solanum and Datura species and the death's-head hawk-moth (Acherontia atropus)". Phytochemistry. 34 (5): 1281–1283. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)80016-T.
Newman, Edward. The Natural History of British Butterflies and Moths. Pub: William Glaisher, London, c. 1870. Downloaded from: [1]
"Chapters 11-20 - the Silence of the Lambs".
"The Blood Beast Terror".
"The Tag-Along at the Internet Movie Data Base". IMDb. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
"'Remothered: Tormented Fathers' is Intense and Enigmatic". 6 March 2018.
"Remothered: Tormented Fathers | Official Web Site".
Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "The New Forest: its history and its scenery by John Richard de Capel Wise, pg. 177". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
"'Death's Head' caterpillar found (Thursday, 14 August, 2003)". BBC News. 2003-08-14. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
"The Sphinx- Edgar Allan Poe". Classiclit.about.com. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2011-11-01.